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1. Potential Harms Resulting from Patient-Clinician Real-Time Clinical Encounters using Video-based Telehealth: A Rapid Evidence Review (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/patient-safety-practices-rapid-protocol.pdf
   September 09, 2022 - Potential Harms Resulting from Patient-Clinician Real-Time Clinical Encounters using Video-based Telehealth … Center Rapid Review Protocol Project Title: Potential Harms Resulting from Patient-Clinician Real-Time … What is the frequency and severity of harms associated with use of telehealth in real-time clinical … practices have been used to prevent or mitigate the harms associated with use of telehealth in real-time … What are the most common barriers and facilitators (including cost and staff time) to implementing

2. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/adhd_research-protocol.pdf
   August 10, 2010 - Hyperactivity Disorder) treatment that were nominated independently, ADHD treatment in preschoolers and long-term … effects of treatment. … Long-term effects Since ADHD is a chronic disorder, many children, teens and adults stay on medications … for years at a time. … ADHD in preschoolers and long-term effects of ADHD pharmacotherapy Alternate text to accompany figure

3. DEcIDE 32: The Incident User Design in Comparative Effectiveness Research (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/incident-user-design_research.pdf
   May 01, 2012 - ......................................................................10 Reduced Ability to Study Long-Term … Effects ...................................................................10 Reduced Generalizability … and other variable-reduction methods can help address that problem.36 Reduced Ability to Study Long-Term … Effects Another tradeoff in the incident user design is that it may not allow evaluation of the long … - term effects of drugs, such as cumulative years of exposure.

4. App-F2-Surv-Report-1-Nonopioid-Pharmacol-Chronic-Pain (xls file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-f2-surv-report-1-nonopioid-pharmacol-chronic-pain.xlsx
   May 29, 2025 - tricyclic antidepressants versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category WAE: n WAE: N SAE: n SAE: N Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Specific AE Cardiac Rhythm … Harms of pregabalin versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category WAE: n WAE: N SAE: n SAE: N Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Specific AE Cardiac Rhythm … Harms of cannabis versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Assessment Time (Wk) Time

5. App-F2-Surv-Report-3-Nonopioid-Pharmacol-Chronic-Pain (xls file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-f2-surv-report-3-nonopioid-pharmacol-chronic-pain.xlsx
   May 29, 2025 - tricyclic antidepressants versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category WAE: n WAE: N SAE: n SAE: N Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Specific AE Cardiac Rhythm … reuptake inhibitor versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category WAE: n WAE: N SAE: n SAE: N Nausea: n Nausea: N N Randomized Sedation: Specific AE … Harms of cannabis versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Assessment Time (Wk) Time

6. Ch 5-User-Guide-To-Ocer 130129 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ch_5-user-guide-to-ocer_130129.pdf
   January 01, 2012 - person-time bias.6 In a third design strategy, it is possible to align the person-time and events … person- time has to be avoided for both the exposure and comparison group.6 Exposure Time Window … it is important to recognize that the utility of ITT analyses are generally limited when assessing long-term … effects. … Comparator Selection “time-to-response” or immortal person-time bias if not adequately controlled.29

7. App-F2-Surv-Report-2-Nonopioid-Pharmacol-Chronic-Pain (xls file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-f2-surv-report-2-nonopioid-pharmacol-chronic-pain.xlsx
   May 29, 2025 - tricyclic antidepressants versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category WAE: n WAE: N SAE: n SAE: N Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Specific AE Cardiac Rhythm … Harms of pregabalin versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category WAE: n WAE: N SAE: n SAE: N Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities: Specific AE Cardiac Rhythm … Harms of cannabis versus placebo Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Assessment Time (Wk) Time

8. Monitoring-Programs-Rapid-Research-Appendix-C (xls file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/monitoring-programs-rapid-research-appendix-c.xlsx
   May 31, 2025 - resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic Integrated big data inventory, projection, predictive and real-time … availability/sourcing technology for drug shortages, patient volume, and PPE supplies To detect real-time … medication policy because medication shortages posed a threat to patient care 1) Dedicated initial time … RFID can track supplies and people in real time as the tagged items travel; Tracking of mobile equipment … HIT systems and initiatives (e.g., Meaningful Use) 4) Unclear ROI 5) HIT expertise 6) Implementation time

9. App-F1-Surv-Report-1-Nonopioid-Pharmacol-Chronic-Pain (xls file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-f1-surv-report-1-nonopioid-pharmacol-chronic-pain.xlsx
   May 29, 2025 - Quality Pain Population Drug Class 1 Drug Class 2 Drug 1 Drug 2 Measure Name Measure Scale Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Pain Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type Grp1 … neuropathic pain Author, Year Quality Pain Population Drug Class Drug Response Criteria Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category n Responder N N Randomized Langford, 2013 Good NPP (MS) THC/CBD THC 2.7 mg and CBD … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Depression Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type

10. Appenidx E: Fiber Intake and Laxation in People With Normal Bowel Function Report (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/fiber-intake-prepub-final-research-appendix-e.xlsx
    January 01, 2024 - Creedon 2022 36130222 Transit time h All Baseline . … Fechner 2014 24572041 Transit time h All Baseline . … Hylla 1998 9440388 Transit time h All 4 wk Cornstarch 12 57.9 5.35 18.5 . . . … Lever 2019 29398337 Transit time h All Baseline . … Müller 2020 31983281 Transit time h All Baseline .

11. App-F1-Surv-Report-2-Nonopioid-Pharmacol-Chronic-Pain (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-f1-surv-report-2-nonopioid-pharmacol-chronic-pain.xlsx
    May 29, 2025 - Quality Pain Population Drug Class 1 Drug Class 2 Drug 1 Drug 2 Measure Name Measure Scale Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Pain Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type Grp1 … (Wk) Time Category n Responder N N Randomized Khasbage, 2021 Good NPP (DPN) PGB/GBP Gabapentin 300 … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Depression Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Sleep Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type Grp1

12. Fiber-Intake-Final-Appendix-E (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/fiber-intake-final-appendix-e.xlsx
    January 01, 2024 - Creedon 2022 36130222 Transit time h All Baseline . … Fechner 2014 24572041 Transit time h All Baseline . … Hylla 1998 9440388 Transit time h All 4 wk Cornstarch 12 57.9 5.35 18.5 . . . … Lever 2019 29398337 Transit time h All Baseline . … Müller 2020 31983281 Transit time h All Baseline .

13. App-F1-Surv-Report-3-Nonopioid-Pharmacol-Chronic-Pain (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-f1-surv-report-3-nonopioid-pharmacol-chronic-pain.xlsx
    May 29, 2025 - Quality Pain Population Drug Class 1 Drug Class 2 Drug 1 Drug 2 Measure Name Measure Scale Assessment Time … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Pain Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type Grp1 … (Wk) Time Category n Responder N N Randomized Khasbage, 2021 Good NPP (DPN) PGB/GBP Gabapentin 300 … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Depression Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type … (Wk) Time Category Grp 1 Baseline N Grp 1 Baseline Mean Sleep Score Grp1 Baseline Variance Type Grp1

14. Methods Research Report: Creating Efficiencies in the Extraction of Data From Randomized Trials (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-report-creating-efficiencies-extraction-data.pdf
    August 01, 2021 - We calculated the median (IQR) time for manual and semiautomated data extraction, and overall time savings … Time Savings To measure the time saved by using ExaCT to assist with data extraction, the three reviewers … We compared the time to complete the manual data extraction and verification with the time to complete … 5 Time savings = (time the first reviewer spent manually extracting data from the … If ExaCT were used to replace the first reviewer in a pair: Time savings = (time the two reviewers

15. Slide 1
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/study-design-considerations-chapter-2.pptx
    January 01, 2013 - by factors that vary over time. … This observation time is divided into treated person-time, a washout period of person-time, and untreated … person-time. … The new-user design offers a further advantage in anchoring the time scale for analysis at time since … Immortal Time Bias Immortal time bias arises by defining the exposure during the followup time rather

16. S108 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s108.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - of a third variable that changes over time.4 A common setting where time-varying confound- ing is likely … If the time- varying confounder is also an intermediate variable at the same time, its inclusion in the … The simulation was calibrated for 1 time unit to indicate 1 day. … Thus, 0.25 time units represented 6 hours. … Adverse event status was a time-varying exposure.

17. Engaging-Caregivers-Appendix-B (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/engaging-caregivers-appendix-b.xlsx
    May 29, 2025 - B Proportion days drank alcohol (Time x Condition) RR 0.89 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.23) Proportion days used … cannabis (Time x Condition) RR 1.16 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.40) Proportion days used any substance (Time … x Condition) RR 1.15 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.36) Substance-related problems (Time x Condition) RR 0.13 (95% … NR EHR; staff training and time; framework development time; materials; registry for data collection … NR Intervention development time; staff training and time; staff expertise; materials, National Institute

18. Slide 1
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/exposure-definition-and-measurement_chapter-4.pptx
    January 01, 2013 - In panel E, the exposure is a single event in time with an immediate effect that diminishes over time … Exposure Definition Creating an Exposure Definition Time Window The exposure time window should … bias: bias in measurable exposure times Immortal time bias: when person-time is inappropriately assigned … Immortal time bias occurs when person-time is inappropriately assigned to an exposure category. … from the immortal time increases with the duration of immortal time.

19. Blumenthal-notes-151008 copy-Teresa (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/blumenthal-presentation.pdf
    May 29, 2025 - We found that they were an hour-­‐long and   the physicians talked  close to 90 percent of the time … ; that is patients having insufficient time with  their healthcare providers. … It seems to me everybody is in  a hurry and   I began  to feel guilty about taking up their time … So patients are really conscious of the power of time, how limited it is and that clearly makes them … They can  go into these modalities and  ask questions that maybe they didn’t have time to have in

20. Frazee-notes-151006 copy - Teresa (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/frazee-presentation.pdf
    May 29, 2025 - We all behave irrationally a lot of the time. … Thinking about your health is neither, most of the time. … You go th rough this period of time of crisis where you're thinking out it a lot. … Ninety-­‐nine percent of the time I show up. … At least for a period  of time, you   have to pay attention.