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21. Final Research Plan: Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: Screening and Supplementation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-pregnant-women-screening-and-supplementation
    July 07, 2022 - after age 1 year Settings U.S. primary care–relevant settings   Timing KQ 1: Long-term … outcomes KQ 2: Short- or long-term outcomes   Study Designs KQ 1: Randomized, controlled … outcomes >1 year of age Settings U.S. primary care–relevant   Timing KQs 1, 3: Long-term … outcomes KQs 2, 4, 5: Short- or long-term outcomes   Study Designs KQs 1, 3: Randomized

22. Archived: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening-july-2016
    August 09, 2016 - The long-term benefits and harms of statin use in children and adolescents are unknown. … Familial Hypercholesterolemia The USPSTF found adequate evidence from short-term trials (≤2 years) … One short-term pharmacotherapy trial reported a reduction in carotid intima-media thickness. … Long-term evidence on the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia was limited to 1 study of statins … to only 1 long-term study.

23. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder: Current Research and Evidence Gaps (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/prevention-of-opioid-user-disorder-ehc-tech-brief.pdf
    May 14, 2021 - The Helping to End Addiction Long-Term Initiative. https://heal.nih.gov/. … The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid treatment of chronic pain. … term=NCT04218201&draw=2&rank=1 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04154384? … term=NCT04154384&draw=2&rank=1 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03986866? … term=NCT03986866&draw=2&rank=1 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02674711?

24. Recommendation: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening
    July 18, 2023 - The USPSTF is calling for more long-term data on the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of … Long-term data on the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of lipid disorders in children and … Long-term data on the harms of screening and treatment. … Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. … Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on

25. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Breastfeeding: Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary10/breastfeeding-counseling-2008
    October 15, 2008 - or near-term infants (≥35 weeks' gestation or ≥2500 g). … We also defined a priori breastfeeding durations of 1 to 3 months as short-term, 4 to 5 months as intermediate-term … Data Synthesis and Analysis We calculated the rates of breastfeeding initiation and short-term, intermediate-term … Intermediate-Term Long-Term Studies, n Rate Ratio (95% CI) Studies, n Rate Ratio ( … Intermediate-Term Long-Term P Value for Trend Studies, n Rate Ratio (95% CI) Studies

26. Final Research Plan: Pregnant Women: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan-pregnant-women/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening
    June 15, 2017 - rates KQ 5: Harmful effects on pregnancy outcomes, neonatal outcomes, or exposed children; long-term … that the study settings will include prenatal, antenatal, and family planning clinics; replaced the term … The USPSTF decided not to add benefits of initiating long-term antiretroviral therapy in women as a result … The general benefits of long-term antiretroviral therapy will be addressed in a separate evidence review

27. Evidence Summary: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - Long-term results for the same outcomes were sparse and inconsistent. 13 , 19 , 40 , 45-47 , 49 , 51 … , 52 Other concerns with long-term outcomes included risks of contamination (in which elements of the … Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Child Welfare Information Gateway. … https://www.childwelfare.gov/resources/long-term-consequences-child-abuse-and-neglect/ 3. … follow-up b Short-term outcomes:    Consistent    Imprecise Long-term outcomes:    Inconsistent    

28. Task Force Issues Final Recommendation Statement on Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/high-bmi-children-adolescents-final-rec-bulletin.pdf
    June 18, 2024 - evidence on weight loss medications but found that more research is needed to fully understand the long-term … health outcomes of medications, including the possible harms of long-term medication use. … areas of research gaps identified by the Task Force include how a change in BMI impacts overall, long-term … health; the long-term health outcomes and benefits of interventions; and how clinicians can best talk

29. Interventions in Primary Care to Promote Breastfeeding: An Evidence Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/WYuzSoTB7frsav2gnsP7SR
    January 01, 2010 - or near-term infants (�35 weeks’ gestation or �2500 g). … We also defined a priori breastfeeding durations of 1 to 3 months as short-term, 4 to 5 months as intermediate-term … Data Synthesis and Analysis We calculated the rates of breastfeeding initiation and short-term, intermediate-term … Intermediate-Term Long-Term Studies, n Rate Ratio (95% CI) Studies, n Rate Ratio (95% CI) Studies … Intermediate-Term Long-Term P Value for Trend Studies, n Rate Ratio (95% CI) Studies, n Rate Ratio

30. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Research Gaps for Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/d8DVjQhw6JgjWaBtED97s6
    Setting Research is needed on the benefits of behavioral and pharmacotherapy interventions on long-term … Compared with no intervention Pharmacotherapy: Interventions approved by the FDA for long-term … relationship (e.g., care avoidance or dissatisfaction with care) Research is needed on the long-term … should include populations with a higher prevalence of high BMI (e.g., Hispanic/Latino, Long-term … is needed on the maintenance of weight loss after behavioral interventions and assessment of long-term

31. untitled (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/QWUmLEKdwcYA-AKGp5dNaQ
    August 09, 2016 - Familial Hypercholesterolemia The USPSTF found adequate evidence from short-term trials (�2 years) that … One short-term pharmacotherapy trial re- ported a reduction in carotid intima-media thickness. … Long-term evidence on the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia was limited to 1 study of statins … The long-term benefits and harms of statin use in children and adolescents are unknown. … to only 1 long- term study.

32. Archived: Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hepatitis-c-virus-infection-screening-2004
    March 08, 2004 - There is no evidence that screening for HCV infection leads to improved long-term health outcomes, such … intermediate outcomes, such as viremia, there is limited evidence that such treatment improves long-term … newer treatment regimens for HCV infection, such as pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, improve long-term … There is limited evidence from non-U.S. studies that older therapies have some long-term health benefits … on the effectiveness of screening tests and interventions aimed at improving intermediate and long-term

33. Archived: Evidence Summary: Child Maltreatment: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions-november-2018
    November 27, 2018 - Inconsistent results led to a conclusion of insufficient evidence for long-term (≥2 years) outcomes for … The evidence for the effect on short-term outcomes of primary care–feasible and primary care–referable … Few studies reported long-term outcomes; results from these studies are not consistent. … Long-Term Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. Child Welfare Information Gateway website. … follow-up b Consistent, imprecise (short-term outcomes) Inconsistent, imprecise (long-term

34. Final Research Plan: Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan150/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-young-children-screening
    July 18, 2013 - Gastrointestinal outcomes Settings Primary care relevant   Timing KQ 1: Long-term … KQ 2: Short- or long-term   Study Designs KQ 1: Randomized, controlled trials … outcomes Settings Primary care relevant   Timing KQs 1, 3: Long-term … KQs 2, 4: Short- or long-term   Study Designs KQs 1, 3: Randomized, controlled

35. Archived: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-2010
    January 15, 2010 - interventions for obese children and adolescents aged 6 years and older can effectively yield short-term … There were no long-term data on the maintenance of improvement after discontinuation of medications. … of treatment effect and to assess longer-term risks and harms. … Two very small studies showed no significant differences between groups. 15 There are no long-term data … Neither medication seems to adversely affect short-term (6-12 months) growth and maturation.

36. ahrq29a - Screening for Hepatitis C in Adults - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/aSLgQ3VeNEmowQmpvPk_Xe
    March 01, 2004 - There is no evidence that screening for HCV infection leads to improved long-term health outcomes, such … intermediate outcomes, such as viremia, there is limited evidence that such treatment improves long-term … screening for HCV infection in adults at high risk (see Clinical Considerations) leads to improved long-term … newer treatment regimens for HCV infection, such as pegylated interferon plus ribavirin, improve long-term … from non-U.S. studies that older therapies have some long-term health benefits for patients referred

37. Archived: Final Research Plan: Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women: Screening and Supplementation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan31/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-pregnant-women-screening-and-supplementation-september-2015
    July 15, 2013 - 2:  Gastrointestinal outcomes Settings Primary care relevant   Timing KQ 1:  Long-term … KQ 2:  Short- or long-term   Study Designs KQ 1:  Randomized, controlled trials; controlled … Gastrointestinal outcomes Settings Primary care relevant   Timing KQs 1, 3:  Long-term …   KQs 2, 4:  Short- or long-term   Study Designs KQs 1, 3:  Randomized, controlled trials

38. Archived: Evidence Summary: Screening for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-screening-for-familial-hypercholesterolemia/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening-july-2016
    August 09, 2016 - in children, and lipid-lowering treatment in childhood can reduce lipid concentrations in the short term … for FH in childhood on lipid concentrations or cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood, or on the long-term … Long-term studies of people initiating FH treatment in childhood are needed. … The body of evidence on harms of pharmacotherapy also lacks long-term studies. … Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hypercholesterolemia.

39. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/XGHwLrLfb_78ymEUwGF6jR
    March 19, 2024 - Long-term results for the same outcomes were sparse and inconsistent.13,19,40,45-47,49,51,52 Other con … - cerns with long-term outcomes included risks of contamination (in which elements of the intervention … follow-upb Short-term outcomes: Consistent Imprecise Long-term outcomes: Inconsistent Imprecise … outcomes, insufficient for long-term outcomes Unclear whether findings apply to subgroups defined by … Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Child Welfare Information Gateway.

40. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/vmHooQ6ABG9CagdUXv2_rx
    August 25, 2021 - The USPSTF is calling for more long-term data on the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of … Research Needs and Gaps Studies are needed that provide the following information. • Long-term data on … • Long-term data on the harms of screening and treatment. … Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. … Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on