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1. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Breastfeeding: Counseling, July 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/breastfeeding-counseling-2003
   July 01, 2003 - CI, 0.03-0.19) and long-term duration (difference 0.08; 95% CI, 0.02-0.16). … Breastfeeding outcomes were categorized as initiation, short-term duration, and long-term duration according … to 2 to 4 months postpartum, and long-term referred to 4 to 6 months postpartum. … duration) [Y 2 ]; and (3) breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months (long-term duration) [Y 3 ].  … Effects on long-term duration were small.

2. Evidence Summary: Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-nonpregnant-adolescents-and-adults1/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening
   June 11, 2019 - Mortality, AIDS events, quality of life, function, and HIV transmission; harms of screening and long-term … Certain antiretroviral regimens were associated with increased risk of long-term neuropsychiatric, renal … follow-up, although certain ART regimens may be associated with increased risk of long-term harms. … Longer-Term Harms of Treatment Key Question 5. … What are the longer-term harms (≥2 years) associated with currently recommended ART regimens?

3. Final Research Plan: Gestational Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/gestational-diabetes-screening
   June 06, 2019 - discovered early in pregnancy (e.g., in the first trimester) is GDM or some other form of diabetes; the term … fetal/neonatal hypoglycemia, delivery of neonates who are small for gestational age, and poor long-term … What are the long-term health consequences of diagnosis of GDM for mothers and their children, including … syndrome), fetal overgrowth (large for gestational age or macrosomia), and shoulder dystocia Long-term … mellitus (e.g., retinopathy, neuropathy), cardiovascular disease, or both; and quality of life Long-term

4. Screening for HIV Infection in Asymptomatic, Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/q_zxLD9JZFGoSPCrEHNk2g
   June 11, 2019 - Mortality, AIDS events, quality of life, function, and HIV transmission; harms of screening and long-term … Certain antiretroviral regimens were associated with increased risk of long-term neuropsychiatric, renal … follow-up, although certain ART regimens may be associated with increased risk of long-term harms. … Longer-Term Harms of Treatment Key Question 5. … What are the longer-term harms (�2 years) asso- ciated with currently recommended ART regimens?

5. Evidence Summary: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening
   July 18, 2023 - No treatment trials reported long-term health outcomes. … Trials were generally small and short-term. … No treatment trials reported long-term health outcomes. Treatment Harms KQ5. … Most of the evidence for statin harms is from small, short-term studies. … Intermediate-term efficacy and tolerance of statins in children.

6. Final Research Plan: Breastfeeding: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan138/breastfeeding-primary-care-interventions
   December 18, 2014 - and health care system–level interventions to promote and support breastfeeding on short- and long-term … What are the effects of breastfeeding on short- and long-term health outcomes in children and mothers … What are the effects of consuming expressed or donated breast milk on short- and long-term health outcomes … (37 0/7 to 38 6/7 weeks), full-term (39 0/7 to 40 6/7 weeks), late-term (41 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks), and … post-term (42 0/7 weeks and beyond) newborns, as well as late-preterm newborns with gestational age

7. Archived: Obesity: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-screening-1996
   January 01, 1996 - long-term weight loss. 6 , 9 , 75 , 76 Research to explain the difficulty in achieving long-term weight … interventions in achieving long-term success. … Short-term medical benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. … International trial of long-term dexfenfluramine in obesity. … Effect of weight loss by obese children on long-term growth.

8. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/rQBBkz9CrHh4vp7ZnEkF-t
   July 18, 2023 - No treatment trials reported long-term health outcomes. … Trials were generally small and short-term. … No treatment trials reported long-term health outcomes. Treatment Harms KQ5. … Most of the evidence for statin harms is from small, short- term studies. … Intermediate-term efficacy and tolerance of statins in children.

9. The Effectiveness of Primary Care-Based Interventions to Promote Breastfeeding: Evidence Review and Meta-Analysis (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6-CojmU4NZFXUKggs-_YFU
   January 01, 2010 - Breastfeeding outcomes were categorized as initiation, short-term duration, and long-term duration according … to 2 to 4 months postpartum, and long-term referred to 4 to 6 months postpartum. … duration) [Y2]; and (3) breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months (long-term duration) [Y3]. … Effects on long-term duration were small. … Education did not have a significant impact on long-term duration up to 6 months (difference 0.04; 95%

10. Evidence Summary: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
    June 18, 2024 - Longer-term maintenance after medication withdrawal was not reported for any of the other medications … Gastrointestinal symptoms were common with orlistat and liraglutide in the short term, and there was … about potential harms from long-term use. … More long-term data are needed. … Second, a deeper understanding of potential longer-term harms of behavioral interventions is needed.

11. Evidence Summary: Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: Screening and Supplementation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-pregnant-women-screening-and-supplementation
    August 20, 2024 - Iron supplementation was associated with decreased risk of maternal iron deficiency anemia at term (4 … 8.6% vs 19.8%; relative risk, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.26-0.61]; I 2 = 20.5%) and maternal iron deficiency at term … were used to increase inclusivity except where the data were specified as women or females, and the term … Timing of maternal outcomes was classified as during pregnancy, at term, and postpartum; infant outcomes … Hematologic values were pooled separately at term and third trimester time points; postpartum time points

12. Archived: Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women: Evidence Summary: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/screening-for-hiv-in-pregnant-women-evidence-summary/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening-2013
    November 15, 2012 - Evidence on long-term maternal harms after short-term antiretroviral therapy exposure during pregnancy … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal … What are the harms (including longer-term harms) to the mother or child associated with antiretroviral … For key questions related to harms and other long-term maternal and infant outcomes, we also included … Evidence on long-term maternal harms associated with short-term exposure to antiretroviral therapy during

13. Evidence Summary: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    August 24, 2021 - Long-term effect of population screening for diabetes on cardiovascular morbidity, self-rated health, … Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention … Long-term follow-up after tight control of blood pressure in type 2 diabetes. … impact but long-term adherence problems. … Possible short-term increases in anxiety (at 6 wk) among persons screened and diagnosed with diabetes

14. Final Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening
    December 17, 2015 - factors, or refractive error, treatment may improve health outcomes, such as visual acuity, reduced long-term … amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages 6 months to 5 years reduce long-term … amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages 6 months to 5 years reduce long-term … the title of the topic to “Vision Screening in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years” and replaced the term … The USPSTF also added the term “clinically meaningful” to the contextual question and added children

15. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Primary Care Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Support Breastfeeding (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/5newnV_sfH4xnGCbpoh4Ma
    The direct effects of breastfeeding interventions on breastfeeding measures, short- and medium-term … Short- and medium-term maternal health outcomes such as rates of diabetes mellitus, weight status, … Short- and medium-term infant and child health outcomes such as gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic … Short- and medium-term maternal health outcomes such as rates of diabetes mellitus, weight, quality … Short- and medium-term infant and child health outcomes such as gastrointestinal symptoms, atopic

16. Final Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-screening
    March 02, 2020 - remains unavailable, but DAA regimens were associated with SVR rates greater than 95% and few short-term … Fourth, evidence on potential long-term harms of DAA therapy exposure was limited. … Long-term outcome after interferon therapy in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C. … Favorable prognosis of chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy by long-term cohort study. … Long-term cohort study of chronic hepatitis C according to interferon efficacy.

17. Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women: Systematic Review to Update the 2005 USPSTF Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/mTPBWPMDqfuWvodfd5R5Ms
    November 01, 2012 - Evidence on long-term maternal harms after short-term antiretroviral therapy exposure during pregnancy … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal … What are the harms (including longer-term harms) to the mother or child associated with antiretroviral … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal … Evidence on long-term maternal harms associated with short-term ex- posure to antiretroviral therapy

18. Interventions for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/e9f8a_uGMXxSbBUxpRPkrc
    June 18, 2024 - CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In the short term, weight management interventions led to lower BMI in children … Longer-term maintenance after medication with- drawal was not reported for any of the other medications … about potential harms from long-term use. … More long-term data are needed. … Long-term effect of the Go4it group treatment for obese adolescents: a randomised controlled trial.

19. Archived: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
    February 15, 2005 - Although recent studies have shown a short-term mortality and morbidity benefit of EVAR compared with … The long-term harms of EVAR include late conversion to open repair and aneurysmal rupture. … The long-term harms of newer generation EVAR devices are yet to be reported. … Long-term potential harms of EVAR may occur because of device failure, which could cause bleeding into … The long-term benefits of a single scan for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) at age 65.

20. Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/p8bwnFstpfy9KoDSJhT7m5
    February 01, 2005 - increased number of surgeries with associated clinically significant morbidity and mortality, and short-term … Although recent studies have shown a short-term mortality and morbidity benefit of EVAR compared with … The long-term harms of EVAR include late conversion to open repair and aneurysmal rupture. … The long-term harms of newer generation EVAR devices are yet to be reported. … The long-term benefits of a single scan for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) at age 65.