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1. Procedure Manual Appendix VI. Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-vi-criteria-assessing-internal-validity-individual-studies
   July 01, 2017 - Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies Share to Facebook … These criteria are meant for those studies that pass this initial filter. … "Poor" studies have at least one fatal flaw. … criteria, or standard appraisal of studies. … Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies . U.S.

2. Draft Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vision-screening-children-ages-6-months-5-years
   April 24, 2025 - with a chronic medical or developmental condition will also be excluded Setting All KQs: Studies … light reflex test, pupillary reflex test, cover-uncover test, cross cover test, red reflex test) Studies … of various interventions (i.e., head-to-head studies without an additional eligible comparison group … with an eligible comparator KQ 2: Cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, or trials focused on assessment … studies KQ 4: Randomized, controlled trials Case reports, case series, systematic reviews, and

3. Procedure Manual Section 4. Evidence Review Development | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-4-evidence-review-development
   June 22, 2025 - studies are analyzed with regard to good- and fair- quality studies. … Observational studies are often used to assess harms of preventive services. … Thus, it often takes into consideration subgroup analyses of large studies or studies evaluating particular … , case-control studies, and large case series. … studies to include.

4. Draft Research Plan: Tobacco Cessation in Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/tobacco-cessation-adults-interventions
   February 27, 2025 - We will also examine selected subgroup analyses reported in the included studies to explore the extent … of interventions (with concurrent control group) and observational cohort studies (n≥1,000) (KQ 3 only … )   Study geography Reviews and primary studies that primarily take place in countries … : Fair- and good-quality studies Reviews: Very low-credibility existing systematic reviews Primary … studies: Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: CTFPHC = Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health

5. Draft Research Plan: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/syphilis-infection-pregnant-persons
   December 01, 2022 - KQs 1, 2: Persons who are known to have syphilis infection, have symptoms, or are not pregnant; studies … of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Study Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviation: KQ

6. Final Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-screening
   March 02, 2020 - Seven studies were included in 2 pooled analyses, 95 , 96 and there were 3 additional studies (reported … (34 treatment studies [n = 4434], 2 pooled analyses [n = 2706], 3 observational studies [n = 58, 892 … remaining 10 studies (0.4% [17/3848] overall) Two large observational studies found use of both DAA … = 0% Anemia (13 studies): 2.4% (95% CI, 0.9%-6.3%); I 2 = 85% Fatigue (37 studies): 18.4% (95% CI, … studies): 8.1% (95% CI, 6.7%-9.9%); I 2 = 58% Nausea (36 studies): 11.1% (95% CI, 9.1%-13.5%); I

7. Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/syphilis-infection-pregnant-persons
   March 02, 2023 - of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … outside of pregnancy Comparisons KQ 1: No screening KQ 2: No comparator necessary for studies … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; and systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: HIV=human

8. Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/syphilis-infection-in-pregnancy-screening
   March 02, 2023 - of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … outside of pregnancy Comparisons KQ 1: No screening KQ 2: No comparator necessary for studies … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; and systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: HIV=human

9. Evidence Summary: Food Insecurity: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/food-insecurity-screening
   March 11, 2025 - for food insecurity; instrument accuracy studies of brief screening tools. … Studies were restricted to English-language studies conducted in the US, with no age restriction on participants … Evidence for KQ4a and KQ4b was limited to studies included in KQ4. … No studies reported harms of assessment for food insecurity. … , which constituted 24 of the 29 studies of interventions.

10. Evidence Summary: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/syphilis-infection-in-pregnancy-screening
    May 13, 2025 - The evidence review on harms of treatment was restricted to studies of syphilis treatment during pregnancy … Five new studies (51,118 participants) addressed the harms of screening (KQ2),and 2 studies (130 participants … Three of those studies, all fair quality, were conducted prospectively, and 2 studies, 1 fair quality … Two of 3 cohort studies concluded that about one-half of congenital syphilis cases might be prevented … Although based on small studies,we found estimates of penicillin treatment harms that could be used for

11. Evidence Summary: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-adults-screening
    September 24, 2019 - Results: Nineteen studies (N = 8443) meeting inclusion criteria were identified. … No studies examined screening in nonpregnant populations. … as well as registry studies. … studies limited to women with diabetes. 32 Three studies were conducted among older adults (mean age … Comparator: Ineligible comparator, including comparative effectiveness studies.

12. Final Research Plan: Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/autism-spectrum-disorder-young-children-1
    June 10, 2021 - ; single case reports or single case design KQ 2: Case-control studies, single case design Study … Development Index (as defined by the United Nations Development Programme) Studies that primarily … In response to public comment, the USPSTF clarified that for KQs 1 and 3, studies that evaluated any … For KQ 2, the USPSTF clarified that studies that use medical records to identify diagnoses of autism … For KQs 4 and 5, studies that evaluate interventions among children who screened positive for autism

13. Final Research Plan: Tobacco Cessation in Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/tobacco-cessation-adults-interventions
    July 17, 2025 - We will also examine selected subgroup analyses reported in the included studies to explore the extent … Reviews and studies limited to: Children and adolescents Persons with existing tobacco-related … )   Study geography Reviews and primary studies that primarily take place in countries … : Fair- and good-quality studies Reviews: Very low-credibility existing systematic reviews Primary … studies: Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: ENDS = electronic nicotine delivery systems; FDA

14. Final Research Plan: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/colorectal-cancer-screening
    May 16, 2019 - ; studies conducted in developed countries (categorized as “very high” on the 2017 Human Development … (e.g., small studies aimed at evaluating new endoscopy technologies, studies with operator or resource … accuracy studies; and screening registry studies KQ 3: Randomized, controlled trials; controlled … clinical trials; large screening registry or database observational studies; cohort studies; and systematically … (e.g., case-control studies, studies that excluded indeterminate results) KQ 3: Case studies

15. Draft Research Plan: Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/cognitive-impairment-older-adults
    March 06, 2025 - all Key Questions, we will describe the population and intervention characteristics of the included studies … studies KQ4: Randomized, controlled trials KQ 5: Randomized, controlled trials included in KQ4 … ; large observational studies for pharmacotherapies KQs 1, 4: Observational studies KQ 2: Case-control … studies KQs 3, 5: Case series, case reports Language English Languages other than English … Study quality Studies at low or moderate risk of bias Studies at high risk of bias (according

16. Evidence Summary: Pregnant Women: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-pregnant-women1/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening
    June 11, 2019 - Results: Sixty-two studies were included in this review, including 29 new studies. … Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies of pregnant adolescents ( … Twenty-nine new studies in 36 articles were included (2 trials in 2 articles 9 , 10 and 27 cohort studies … in 34 articles 11-44 ), and 33 studies in 35 articles (7 trials in 9 articles, 45-53 25 cohort studies … RCT and 4 new cohort studies found increased risk of preterm birth with ART; 3 new cohort studies (all

17. Evidence Summary: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents
    October 11, 2022 - Some studies assessed multiple instruments, some instruments were examined in multiple studies, and some … 3 studies 24-26 for generalized anxiety disorder, 2 studies 24 , 27 for panic disorder, 1 study 25 … between studies on adolescents alone vs studies including both adolescents and children did not suggest … Findings Within Age Groups Three studies enrolled children aged 3 to 7 years 57 , 66 , 68 and 4 studies … Treatment studies covered a wide range of ages, from preschool through adolescence, although 4 studies

18. Evidence Summary: Hypertension in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hypertension-in-adults-screening
    April 27, 2021 - All included studies in the prior review and a subset of previously excluded studies were also evaluated … No new studies were identified. … For KQ4 (harms), RCTs, nonrandomized controlled intervention studies, and cohort studies were included … Two studies reported accuracy for multiple HBPM thresholds. 25 , 69 These studies consistently showed … and showed mixed results Inconsistent, imprecise Few studies overall; single studies evaluating

19. JAMA (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/eko8Cp28pZ3SHHfyvTXJW5
    May 13, 2025 - For evidence on screening, eligible studies included asymp- tomatic pregnant adolescents and adults, … Five new studies (51 118 par- ticipants) addressed the harms of screening (KQ2), and 2 studies (130 participants … Three of those studies, all fair quality, were conducted prospectively, and 2 studies, 1 fair quality … For the contextual question on repeat screening, we iden- tified 3 retrospective cohort studies and 1 … Two of 3 cohort studies concluded that about one-half of congenital syphilis cases might be prevented

20. Evidence Summary: Skin Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/skin-cancer-screening
    April 18, 2023 - Poor-quality studies were excluded. … (29 articles) were included, comprising 3 studies from the previous review 16 and 17 new studies, after … Three studies (10 articles) 17-26 were included for KQ1; 6 studies (7 articles) 27-33 for KQ2; 2 studies … (3 studies), 31-33 and stage at keratinocyte carcinoma detection (1 study). 31 Three studies reported … All studies included for KQ4 focused on melanoma; no included studies contributed data for keratinocyte