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1. Procedure Manual Appendix VI. Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-vi-criteria-assessing-internal-validity-individual-studies
   July 01, 2017 - Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies Share to Facebook … These criteria are meant for those studies that pass this initial filter. … "Poor" studies have at least one fatal flaw. … criteria, or standard appraisal of studies. … Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies . U.S.

2. Draft Research Plan: Syphilis Infection in Pregnant Persons: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/syphilis-infection-pregnant-persons
   December 01, 2022 - KQs 1, 2: Persons who are known to have syphilis infection, have symptoms, or are not pregnant; studies … of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Study Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviation: KQ

3. Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection in Pregnant Persons: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/syphilis-infection-pregnant-persons
   March 02, 2023 - of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … outside of pregnancy Comparisons KQ 1: No screening KQ 2: No comparator necessary for studies … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; and systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: HIV=human

4. Procedure Manual Section 4. Evidence Review Development | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-4-evidence-review-development
   April 27, 2024 - studies are analyzed with regard to good- and fair- quality studies. … Observational studies are often used to assess harms of preventive services. … Thus, it often takes into consideration subgroup analyses of large studies or studies evaluating particular … , case-control studies, and large case series. … studies to include.

5. Evidence Summary: Skin Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/skin-cancer-screening
   April 18, 2023 - Poor-quality studies were excluded. … (29 articles) were included, comprising 3 studies from the previous review 16 and 17 new studies, after … Three studies (10 articles) 17-26 were included for KQ1; 6 studies (7 articles) 27-33 for KQ2; 2 studies … (3 studies), 31-33 and stage at keratinocyte carcinoma detection (1 study). 31 Three studies reported … All studies included for KQ4 focused on melanoma; no included studies contributed data for keratinocyte

6. Evidence Summary: Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication
   August 01, 2023 - Two investigators independently reviewed English-language randomized studies and nonrandomized cohort … Ineligible studies included poor-quality studies and those focusing solely on persons taking antiseizure … . 5-8 No studies examined differences by race or ethnicity. … Controlled studies of multivitamin supplementation on pregnancy outcomes. … ) or exposure recall bias (in retrospective studies) 3 Studies (2 cohort [3 publications] 5-7 , 1

7. Final Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-screening
   March 02, 2020 - Seven studies were included in 2 pooled analyses, 95 , 96 and there were 3 additional studies (reported … (34 treatment studies [n = 4434], 2 pooled analyses [n = 2706], 3 observational studies [n = 58, 892 … remaining 10 studies (0.4% [17/3848] overall) Two large observational studies found use of both DAA … = 0% Anemia (13 studies): 2.4% (95% CI, 0.9%-6.3%); I 2 = 85% Fatigue (37 studies): 18.4% (95% CI, … studies): 8.1% (95% CI, 6.7%-9.9%); I 2 = 58% Nausea (36 studies): 11.1% (95% CI, 9.1%-13.5%); I

8. Final Research Plan: Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Older and Vulnerable Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/intimate-partner-violence-abuse-older-vulnerable-adults
   April 20, 2023 - Intimate Partner Violence   Include Exclude Populations Studies enrolling adolescents … of diagnostic accuracy are also eligible KQs 3, 5: Cohort studies with a concurrent control group … reviews ‡ Quality Studies rated good or fair quality Studies rated poor quality Settings … of diagnostic accuracy are also eligible KQs 3, 5: Cohort studies with a concurrent control group … reviews ‡ Quality Studies rated good or fair quality Studies rated poor quality Setting

9. Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4TToeya43r5Qc5A6TjFGWS
   August 01, 2023 - Two investigators independently reviewed English-language randomized studies and nonrandomized cohort … Ineligible studies included poor-quality studies and those focusing solely on persons taking antiseizure … .5-8 No studies examined differences by race or ethnicity. … ) or exposure recall bias (in retrospective studies) 3 Studies (2 cohort [3 publications5-7], 1 case-control8 … Controlled studies of multivitamin supplementation on pregnancy outcomes.

10. Draft Research Plan: Screening for Colorectal Cancer | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/colorectal-cancer-screening3
    January 03, 2019 - (e.g., small studies aimed at evaluating new endoscopy technologies, studies with operator or resource … characteristics not applicable to community practice); studies conducted in countries not categorized … diagnostic accuracy studies; and screening registry studies KQ 3: Randomized, controlled trials; … controlled clinical trials; large screening registry or database observational studies; cohort studies … spectrum of disease (e.g., case-control studies, excluded indeterminate results) KQ 3: Case studies

11. Draft Research Plan: Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Older and Vulnerable Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/intimate-partner-violence-abuse-older-vulnerable-adults
    February 09, 2023 - Include Exclude Populations Studies enrolling adolescents * and adults presenting for primary … of diagnostic accuracy are also eligible KQs 3, 5: Cohort studies with a concurrent control group … reviews ‡ Quality Studies rated good or fair quality Studies rated poor quality Settings … of diagnostic accuracy are also eligible KQs 3, 5: Cohort studies with a concurrent control group … reviews ‡ Quality Studies rated good or fair quality Studies rated poor quality Setting

12. Evidence Summary: Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Screening With Electrocardiography | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/cardiovascular-disease-risk-screening-with-electrocardiography
    June 12, 2018 - Within the studies of resting ECG, results were stratified by whether studies evaluated the addition … a The sum of the number of studies per KQ exceeds the total number of studies because some studies were … <10 y d (4 studies), reclassification NR (4 studies); unknown masking of outcome assessors (4 studies … ); not reporting both discrimination and calibration (3 studies); model development studies (2 studies … 5 studies), model development studies (4 studies), amount of missing data NR (2 studies), and mean duration

13. Evidence Summary: Pancreatic Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/pancreatic-cancer-screening
    August 06, 2019 - , diagnostic accuracy studies with a reference standard, cohort studies, and case-control studies (for … Although no studies evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of screening tests, all 13 studies reported the … , KQ5), diagnostic accuracy studies with a reference standard (KQ2), prospective cohort studies (KQ3, … KQ4, KQ5), and case-control studies (KQ3, KQ5). … The studies were conducted in the United States, Canada, and Europe; all included studies were of fair

14. Evidence Summary: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents
    October 11, 2022 - Some studies assessed multiple instruments, some instruments were examined in multiple studies, and some … 3 studies 24-26 for generalized anxiety disorder, 2 studies 24 , 27 for panic disorder, 1 study 25 … between studies on adolescents alone vs studies including both adolescents and children did not suggest … Findings Within Age Groups Three studies enrolled children aged 3 to 7 years 57 , 66 , 68 and 4 studies … Treatment studies covered a wide range of ages, from preschool through adolescence, although 4 studies

15. Final Research Plan: Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/autism-spectrum-disorder-young-children-1
    June 10, 2021 - ; single case reports or single case design KQ 2: Case-control studies, single case design Study … Development Index (as defined by the United Nations Development Programme) Studies that primarily … In response to public comment, the USPSTF clarified that for KQs 1 and 3, studies that evaluated any … For KQ 2, the USPSTF clarified that studies that use medical records to identify diagnoses of autism … For KQs 4 and 5, studies that evaluate interventions among children who screened positive for autism

16. Evidence Summary: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-adults-screening
    September 24, 2019 - Results: Nineteen studies (N = 8443) meeting inclusion criteria were identified. … No studies examined screening in nonpregnant populations. … as well as registry studies. … studies limited to women with diabetes. 32 Three studies were conducted among older adults (mean age … Comparator: Ineligible comparator, including comparative effectiveness studies.

17. Draft Research Plan: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/lung-cancer-screening1
    May 03, 2018 - Analytic Framework * The search for evidence on treatment in the systematic review will be limited to studies … without a comparison group KQs 6, 7: Comparative effectiveness studies (i.e., head-to-head studies … KQs 4, 5, 7 (harms): Prospective cohort studies and case-control studies KQ 6: Prospective cohort … 1–5, 7, 8: Studies of any length KQ 6: Studies with at least 5 years of followup KQ 6: Studies … with less than 5 years of followup Settings Studies published in or after 2001   Countries Studies

18. Final Research Plan: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/colorectal-cancer-screening
    May 16, 2019 - ; studies conducted in developed countries (categorized as “very high” on the 2017 Human Development … (e.g., small studies aimed at evaluating new endoscopy technologies, studies with operator or resource … accuracy studies; and screening registry studies KQ 3: Randomized, controlled trials; controlled … clinical trials; large screening registry or database observational studies; cohort studies; and systematically … (e.g., case-control studies, studies that excluded indeterminate results) KQ 3: Case studies

19. Final Research Plan: Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy: Screening and Supplementation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/iron-deficiency-anemia-during-pregnancy-screening-supplementation
    July 07, 2022 - ; and other controlled observational studies KQ 2: Studies from KQ 1 and large uncontrolled observational … studies KQ 1: Uncontrolled studies Abbreviations: KQ = key question, NICU = neonatal intensive … ; and other controlled observational studies KQs 2, 4: Studies included from other KQs and large uncontrolled … observational studies KQ 5: Association studies Uncontrolled studies (KQs 1 and 3) Abbreviations … Current criteria specifies inclusion of U.S. primary care–relevant studies, including studies from relevant

20. Draft Research Plan: Perinatal Depression: Preventive Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/perinatal-depression-interventions-to-prevent
    February 23, 2023 - plan to describe the population, risk assessment, and intervention characteristics of the included studies … Studies restricted to screening for and treatment of depression during pregnancy or in the postpartum … partners Studies limited to individuals in institutions (e.g., psychiatric inpatients, prison inmates … , juvenile detention centers, foster homes, or group homes) Studies limited to persons in long-term … care or residential facilities Studies in mixed populations that include >50% of any of the above