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1. Procedure Manual Appendix VI. Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-vi-criteria-assessing-internal-validity-individual-studies
   July 01, 2017 - Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies Share to Facebook … These criteria are meant for those studies that pass this initial filter. … "Poor" studies have at least one fatal flaw. … criteria, or standard appraisal of studies. … Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies . U.S.

2. Procedure Manual Section 4. Evidence Review Development | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-4-evidence-review-development
   March 23, 2025 - studies are analyzed with regard to good- and fair- quality studies. … Observational studies are often used to assess harms of preventive services. … Thus, it often takes into consideration subgroup analyses of large studies or studies evaluating particular … , case-control studies, and large case series. … studies to include.

3. Draft Research Plan: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/syphilis-infection-pregnant-persons
   December 01, 2022 - KQs 1, 2: Persons who are known to have syphilis infection, have symptoms, or are not pregnant; studies … of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Study Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviation: KQ

4. Draft Research Plan: Tobacco Cessation in Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/tobacco-cessation-adults-interventions
   February 27, 2025 - We will also examine selected subgroup analyses reported in the included studies to explore the extent … of interventions (with concurrent control group) and observational cohort studies (n≥1,000) (KQ 3 only … )   Study geography Reviews and primary studies that primarily take place in countries … : Fair- and good-quality studies Reviews: Very low-credibility existing systematic reviews Primary … studies: Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: CTFPHC = Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health

5. Final Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-screening
   March 02, 2020 - Seven studies were included in 2 pooled analyses, 95 , 96 and there were 3 additional studies (reported … (34 treatment studies [n = 4434], 2 pooled analyses [n = 2706], 3 observational studies [n = 58, 892 … remaining 10 studies (0.4% [17/3848] overall) Two large observational studies found use of both DAA … = 0% Anemia (13 studies): 2.4% (95% CI, 0.9%-6.3%); I 2 = 85% Fatigue (37 studies): 18.4% (95% CI, … studies): 8.1% (95% CI, 6.7%-9.9%); I 2 = 58% Nausea (36 studies): 11.1% (95% CI, 9.1%-13.5%); I

6. Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection During Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/syphilis-infection-pregnant-persons
   March 02, 2023 - of penicillin treatment in nonpregnant persons; studies of penicillin treatment for any condition other … outside of pregnancy Comparisons KQ 1: No screening KQ 2: No comparator necessary for studies … on psychosocial harms; studies on screening test accuracy must define their criteria for false-positive … ; case-control studies; diagnostic accuracy studies; large case series; and systematic reviews and meta-analyses … Quality Good- or fair-quality studies Poor-quality studies Abbreviations: HIV=human

7. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Screening and Supplementation for Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/aRJ-3-AWuVvmC_kmoGCVHp
   July 22, 2024 - evidence gaps listed below, the USPSTF provides guidance to researchers and funders on the types of studies … ; nonrandomized studies of interventions with contemporaneous control groups KQ4: Studies from … KQ5: Association studies of intermediate outcomes/health outcomes link (observational studies … ; other controlled observational studies KQ2: Studies from KQ1 and large uncontrolled observational … studies KQ3: Association studies of intermediate outcomes/health outcomes link (observational

8. Draft Research Plan: Screening for Colorectal Cancer | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/colorectal-cancer-screening3
   January 03, 2019 - (e.g., small studies aimed at evaluating new endoscopy technologies, studies with operator or resource … characteristics not applicable to community practice); studies conducted in countries not categorized … diagnostic accuracy studies; and screening registry studies KQ 3: Randomized, controlled trials; … controlled clinical trials; large screening registry or database observational studies; cohort studies … spectrum of disease (e.g., case-control studies, excluded indeterminate results) KQ 3: Case studies

9. Final Research Plan: Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/autism-spectrum-disorder-young-children-1
   June 10, 2021 - ; single case reports or single case design KQ 2: Case-control studies, single case design Study … Development Index (as defined by the United Nations Development Programme) Studies that primarily … In response to public comment, the USPSTF clarified that for KQs 1 and 3, studies that evaluated any … For KQ 2, the USPSTF clarified that studies that use medical records to identify diagnoses of autism … For KQs 4 and 5, studies that evaluate interventions among children who screened positive for autism

10. Evidence Summary: Pancreatic Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/pancreatic-cancer-screening
    August 06, 2019 - , diagnostic accuracy studies with a reference standard, cohort studies, and case-control studies (for … Although no studies evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of screening tests, all 13 studies reported the … , KQ5), diagnostic accuracy studies with a reference standard (KQ2), prospective cohort studies (KQ3, … KQ4, KQ5), and case-control studies (KQ3, KQ5). … The studies were conducted in the United States, Canada, and Europe; all included studies were of fair

11. Evidence Summary: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-adults-screening
    September 24, 2019 - Results: Nineteen studies (N = 8443) meeting inclusion criteria were identified. … No studies examined screening in nonpregnant populations. … as well as registry studies. … studies limited to women with diabetes. 32 Three studies were conducted among older adults (mean age … Comparator: Ineligible comparator, including comparative effectiveness studies.

12. Evidence Summary: Food Insecurity: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/food-insecurity-screening
    March 11, 2025 - for food insecurity; instrument accuracy studies of brief screening tools. … Studies were restricted to English-language studies conducted in the US, with no age restriction on participants … Evidence for KQ4a and KQ4b was limited to studies included in KQ4. … No studies reported harms of assessment for food insecurity. … , which constituted 24 of the 29 studies of interventions.

13. Final Research Plan: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/colorectal-cancer-screening
    May 16, 2019 - ; studies conducted in developed countries (categorized as “very high” on the 2017 Human Development … (e.g., small studies aimed at evaluating new endoscopy technologies, studies with operator or resource … accuracy studies; and screening registry studies KQ 3: Randomized, controlled trials; controlled … clinical trials; large screening registry or database observational studies; cohort studies; and systematically … (e.g., case-control studies, studies that excluded indeterminate results) KQ 3: Case studies

14. Evidence Summary: Folic Acid Supplementation to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/folic-acid-for-the-prevention-of-neural-tube-defects-preventive-medication
    August 01, 2023 - Two investigators independently reviewed English-language randomized studies and nonrandomized cohort … Ineligible studies included poor-quality studies and those focusing solely on persons taking antiseizure … . 5-8 No studies examined differences by race or ethnicity. … Controlled studies of multivitamin supplementation on pregnancy outcomes. … ) or exposure recall bias (in retrospective studies) 3 Studies (2 cohort [3 publications] 5-7 , 1

15. Draft Research Plan: Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/cognitive-impairment-older-adults
    March 06, 2025 - all Key Questions, we will describe the population and intervention characteristics of the included studies … studies KQ4: Randomized, controlled trials KQ 5: Randomized, controlled trials included in KQ4 … ; large observational studies for pharmacotherapies KQs 1, 4: Observational studies KQ 2: Case-control … studies KQs 3, 5: Case series, case reports Language English Languages other than English … Study quality Studies at low or moderate risk of bias Studies at high risk of bias (according

16. Final Evidence Summary: Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Persons to Prevent Preterm Delivery: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/bacterial-vaginosis-in-pregnancy-to-prevent-preterm-delivery-screening
    April 07, 2020 - Results: Forty-four studies (48 publications) were included. … No studies evaluated the benefits or harms of screening. … Twenty-five studies (n = 15,785) evaluated the accuracy of screening tests; across individual studies … Fourteen studies reported on the harms of treatment. … 20 , 27 , 30 (864) Sensitivity range across studies, 0.61 to 0.92 Specificity range across studies

17. Evidence Summary: Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/elevated-blood-lead-levels-in-childhood-and-pregnancy-screening
    April 16, 2019 - No studies No studies No studies No studies Not applicable Insufficient KQ1b: Effectiveness … of Screening by Gestational Age No studies No studies No studies No studies No studies … No studies No studies No studies No studies Not applicable Insufficient KQ4: Interventions … No studies No studies No studies No studies Not applicable Insufficient KQ6: Harms … of Interventions No studies No studies No studies No studies No studies Not applicable

18. Evidence Summary: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents
    October 11, 2022 - Some studies assessed multiple instruments, some instruments were examined in multiple studies, and some … 3 studies 24-26 for generalized anxiety disorder, 2 studies 24 , 27 for panic disorder, 1 study 25 … between studies on adolescents alone vs studies including both adolescents and children did not suggest … Findings Within Age Groups Three studies enrolled children aged 3 to 7 years 57 , 66 , 68 and 4 studies … Treatment studies covered a wide range of ages, from preschool through adolescence, although 4 studies

19. Evidence Summary: Pregnant Women: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-pregnant-women1/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening
    June 11, 2019 - Results: Sixty-two studies were included in this review, including 29 new studies. … Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies of pregnant adolescents ( … Twenty-nine new studies in 36 articles were included (2 trials in 2 articles 9 , 10 and 27 cohort studies … in 34 articles 11-44 ), and 33 studies in 35 articles (7 trials in 9 articles, 45-53 25 cohort studies … RCT and 4 new cohort studies found increased risk of preterm birth with ART; 3 new cohort studies (all

20. Final Research Plan: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pregnant-nonpregnant-adults
    February 22, 2024 - plan to describe the participant characteristics and major intervention components of the included studies … are not available in those settings KQs 1–5: Studies conducted in non-very high Human Development … Index countries, unless fair- or good-quality studies from the United States are not available … observational studies, modeling studies Timing KQ 5: Long-term followup, defined as ≥2 years … KQ 3: RCTs and large (n>250) observational studies that controlled for potential confounders KQs