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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary5/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2011
January 15, 2011 - The remainder had higher-magnitude refractive errors but did not meet standard criteria for amblyogenic … (ie, cycloplegic refraction)
Exclude studies that do not attempt to perform the reference standard … ; interprets reference standard independently of screening test; reliability of test assessed; has few … ; interprets reference standard independent of screening test; moderate sample size (50-100 subjects) … Reference Standard Applied to All Screened Patients
Same Reference Standard Applied to All Patients
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/3qpQqeeozW8nV3a4_BWntp
June 20, 2019 - Urine HIV tests generally appear less accurate
than standard testing and are not in widespread use in … More intense
or targeted counseling was more effective than
standard counseling in several randomized … OR exclusion criteri$ OR main outcome mea-
sures OR standard of care) AND (survey.tw. … Credible reference standard, performed regardless of test
results.
3. … Reference standard interpreted independently of screen-
ing test.
4.
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/5W2k4HLBPLPgHov6sSvuMH
July 24, 2018 - 2011 “A” recommendation.3
Methods | Because ocular prophylaxis for GON represents a
long-established standard … mitted infections introduced in the 1970s is considered the
most effective preventive strategy and the standard … States, where
risk-basedprenatal gonorrhea screening is recommendedand
ocular prophylaxis is the standard
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/colorectal-cancer-screening
May 16, 2019 - alternate screening strategy
KQ 2: Diagnostic accuracy studies that use colonoscopy as a reference standard … Poor-quality studies
KQ 1: Decision analyses †
KQ 2: Diagnostic accuracy studies without a reference standard
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/anxiety-adults-screening
August 27, 2020 - KQ 2 (Diagnostic accuracy):
Reference standard (structured or semistructured diagnostic interview … KQ 2: Maximum of 2 weeks between screening and reference standard.
… sensitivity and specificity (or comparable statistics) compared with an independently assessed gold standard
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults
September 03, 2020 - KQ 2 (Diagnostic accuracy):
Reference standard (structured or semistructured diagnostic interview … KQ 2: Maximum of 2 weeks between screening and reference standard.
… sensitivity and specificity (or comparable statistics) compared with an independently assessed gold standard
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/current-processes-refining-evidence-based-recommendation-development-table-3
June 01, 2007 - The recommended service is the standard of care and the USPSTF would have little impact.
2.
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/dementia-older-adults-screening-2003
June 03, 2003 - Appropriate reference standard.
0
4 26 , 27 , 32 , 33
3. … Appropriate reference standard.
1 37
9 38-43 , 45 , 60 , 61 , 84
4. … Reference standard for all patients. Intervention one of defined key questions. … Reference standard for all patients. Improved planning for future care. 0 0 0 7. … Reference standard for all patients. Any treatment. Any possible harms of treatment.
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-viii-standardization-outcome-tables
July 01, 2017 - Procedure Manual Appendix VIII. Standardization of Outcome Tables
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Although it is not possible to completely standardize outcomes tables because of the diversity of issues amo…
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary27/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents
October 11, 2022 - The prevalence of MDD based on reference standard diagnostic clinical interviews ranged from 3% to 9% … SRS). 49 The prevalence of increased suicide risk ranged from 19% to 22%, depending on the reference standard … , and were 0.87 and 0.60 against another reference standard. 49
Harms of Screening
Key Question 3 … Depression
The standard of evidence for test accuracy was rated as low to moderate for sensitivity … screening was rated as insufficient because of inconsistencies in estimates based on the reference standard
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-review40/gonorrhea-screening-2005
May 15, 2005 - Screening all patients aged 18 to 31 years combined with standard ED practice. … Study uses a credible reference standard, performed regardless of test results. … Reference standard interpreted independently of screening test. … Prevalence was too low to adequately determine test performance; no gold standard. … No information on population, gold standard, or discrepant tests.
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/lung-cancer-screening
August 16, 2018 - recommendations or criteria used by trials showing benefit (e.g., NLST)
KQ 3:
There is no single gold standard … for assessing accuracy
Comparison (reference standard) could be subsequent diagnosis of lung cancer … cancer)
KQs 1–5, 8: Studies with a sample size less than 1,000
KQs 6, 7: For surgery (established standard
-
www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-for-abnormal-blood-glucose-and-type-2-diabetes-october-2015
October 26, 2015 - The evidence review assessed the benefits and harms of aspirin use and intensive versus standard control … of 3 to 6 years (risk ratio, 1.07 [CI, 0.84 to 1.35]; I 2 = 0%). 2
Benefits of Intensive Versus Standard … control was not associated with reduced risk for all-cause or cardiovascular mortality compared with standard … However, a consistent benefit of stroke reduction was found in study groups with intensive versus standard … The USPSTF found no studies on the effects of intensive versus standard lipid control in persons with
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/2025-03/uspstf-value-primary-care-fact-sheet-2025.pdf
January 01, 2025 - Task Force
recommendations are considered the gold standard in preventive care.
-
www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-july-2014
July 08, 2014 - Incremental Benefit of Additional Medications Beyond Current Standard Medical Therapy
We found no … eligible studies that assessed benefits of additional medications beyond current standard medical therapy … Current standard therapy to reduce stroke risk includes use of statins, antihypertensives (including … Changes in technology, standard medical therapy, surgical procedures, and stroke rates may not be reflected … Current evidence does not sufficiently establish incremental overall benefit of CEA beyond current standard
-
www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening-adults
October 12, 2023 - of later-stage cancer)
Comparisons
KQs 1, 2: Usual care; no screening
KQ 3: Reference standard … for prostate cancer
KQ 4: Reference standard for clinically important prostate cancer
KQs 4a, 4b
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/ClinicalSummaryFinal/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening
December 10, 2019 - Abdominal duplex ultrasonography is the standard approach for AAA screening.
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/our-partners
May 01, 2022 - "The USPSTF’s recommendations are considered the ‘gold standard’ for clinical preventive services...
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www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/We5A-uCMvX5qYeFukGgqks
March 01, 2004 - for active
infection) or RIBA (a reference standard for
exposure). … calculable calculable
test who were RIBA or Perform-
retested PCR ance of
reference
assays
not
standard … Limited data
found a specificity of 97% or greater
using viremia as the reference
standard.
4. … These
are the screening tests that are currently in standard
use for the diagnosis of current or resolved … HCV
infection.90 PCR testing, aminotransferase testing,
and liver biopsy were considered the standard
-
www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Q__nXYQ7cWPBuwvt27sQ42
July 01, 2013 - Limitations: The lack of a gold standard for confirming GDM limits
comparisons. … The absence
of a universally accepted gold standard for the diagnosis of
GDM has resulted in various … The lack of a gold standard to confirm a diagnosis of
GDM limited our ability to compare the results … Ideally, the gold standard
comparison for GDM screening tests would be a univer-
sally agreed-on set … tw.
106. standard?.tw.
107. protocol?.