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101. 131. Treatment Recommendations: Medications | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-full/slide131.html
     October 01, 2014 - Recommendation: Clinicians should offer 4 mg rather than 2 mg nicotine gum to highly dependent smokers

102. Archived: Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Caused Disease: Counseling, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-tobacco-caused-disease-counseling-2003
     November 01, 2003 - and pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care settings, are effective in increasing the proportion of smokers … smoking cessation counseling (5-15 minutes) using messages and self-help materials tailored for pregnant smokers … Helpful aspects of counseling include providing problem-solving guidance for smokers to develop a plan … discretion in conducting tobacco-related discussions with this population, since the majority of adult smokers … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial.

103. Lifestyle Modification | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/chartbooks/healthyliving/lifestyle.html
     June 01, 2018 - Overall Rate: In 2013, the percentage of adult current smokers with a checkup in the last 12 months … Trends: From 2002 to 2013, the percentage of adult current smokers with a checkup in the last 12 … Groups With Disparities: In 2013, among adult current smokers ages 18-64 with a checkup, those with … In 2013, among adult current smokers ages 18-64 with a checkup, those who were uninsured (52.9%) were … In all years except 2011, uninsured adult current smokers ages 18-64 with a checkup were less likely

104. 118. Treatment Recommendations: Medication | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-full/slide118.html
     October 01, 2014 - there is insufficient evidence of effectiveness (i.e., pregnant women, smokeless tobacco users, light smokers

105. 51. What's New in 2008? 2000 Recommendations Changed for 2008 (Continued) | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-full/slide51.html
     October 01, 2014 - strongly urged to quit, and treated with the same counseling cessation interventions recommended for smokers

106. 35. What's New in 2008? (Continued) | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-full/slide35.html
     October 01, 2014 - an effective intervention with a broad reach, and counseling increases abstinence among adolescent smokers

107. 160. Treatment Recommendations: Medications | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-full/slide160.html
     October 01, 2014 - Meta-analysis (2008): Effectiveness and abstinence rates for smokers not willing to quit (but willing

108. 130. Treatment Recommendations: Medications-Bupropion | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-full/slide130.html
     October 01, 2014 - contraindications and side effects (see FDA package insert for complete list) Pregnancy -Pregnant smokers … Bupropion has not been shown to be effective for tobacco dependence treatment in pregnant smokers.

109. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_ZPNC3vqdS3R-ggXro6UAM
     April 05, 2016 - Epidemiological studies have found that 15% to 50% of smokers develop COPD.3 More than 70% of all COPD … cases oc- cur in current or former smokers. … The USPSTF received requests for clarification about whether high-risk groups, such as current smokers … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration. 2006;73(3):285-295. 8. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation.

110. Smoking Cessation in Primary Care (pdf file)
     www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/evidencenow/heart-health/smoking-detail-aid.pdf
     January 01, 2015 - 2,3 The 5 A’s: A framework to attack smoking Effective smoking cessation relies on identifying smokers … E-cigarettes E-cigarettes are not associated with successful quitting in general population-based samples of smokers … Combination varenicline and bupropion SR for tobacco-dependence treatment in ciga- rette smokers: a randomized

111. 49. 10 Key Guideline Recommendations (Number 6) | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/clinicians/presentations/2008update-overview/slide49.html
     October 01, 2014 - there is insufficient evidence of effectiveness (i.e., pregnant women, smokeless tobacco users, light smokers

112. Disposition of Comments for CER 222: Achieving Health Equity in Preventive Services (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-222-health-equity-preventive-services-comments.pdf
     December 03, 2019 - In addition, Hispanic smokers were less likely than white smokers to receive advice to quit from a health … And, gay/lesbian/bisexual smokers were less likely than straight smokers to report using counseling

113. Tobacco Use and Help With Quitting Among Adolescents (pdf file)
     www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/pqmp/measures/preventive/chipra-0090-fullreport.pdf
     July 25, 2016 - • Counseling has been shown to be effective in treatment of adolescent smokers. … Smoking status types must include: current every day smoker; current some day smoker; former smoker … ; never smoker; smoker, current status unknown; and unknown if ever smoked"), the quantity of cigarettes … Smoking status types must include: current every day smoker; current some day smoker; former smoker … ; never smoker; smoker, current status unknown; and unknown if ever smoked"), smoking status is an

114. Final Evidence Summary: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/other-supporting-document19468/tobacco-and-nicotine-use-prevention-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions
     April 28, 2020 - Prevention trials in nonsmokers and cessation trials in smokers were analyzed separately. … Trials that included both smokers and nonsmokers but provided results by baseline smoking status appear … Most smokers initiate smoking in adolescence. 56 Methods to reduce exposure to nicotine and known and … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. … Authors do not report whether baseline smokers were included in the follow-up. d At baseline, 22.0% of

115. Smoking-Pregnancy-Infants Executive (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/smoking-pregnancy-infants_executive.pdf
     February 01, 2014 - Fewer than half of pregnant smokers report successfully quitting during pregnancy,1 and self-report … an overestimation of cessation rates in pregnancy.4 Nondisclosure of smoking status among pregnant smokers … Interventions targeting the behavior of smokers’ partners or health care providers exclusively were … Forty studies included current smokers only, and seven studies included both current smokers and women … Twenty- two focused on current smokers, four focused on recent quitters, and two included both smokers

116. Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions
     January 19, 2021 - ’ relative likelihood to quit smoking at 6 or more months as compared with smokers receiving usual care … Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Randomized trial of nicotine inhaler for pregnant smokers. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study.

117. Archived: Evidence Summary: Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary25/screening-for-abnormal-blood-glucose-and-type-2-diabetes-october-2015
     April 13, 2015 - The mean hemoglobin A1c level was 6.5%, approximately one fourth of participants were smokers, mean BMI … mm Hg at baseline excluded Mean total cholesterol: 4.3 vs. 4.3 vs. 4.4 mmol/L Proportion of smokers … D: 15% vs. 15% statin or fibrate use Proportion of current or former smokers: 44% vs. 45% and 44% … hypertension Mean total cholesterol: NR; 77% vs. 76% history of dyslipidemia Proportion of smokers … . 33.9 vs. 34.2 kg/m 2 Mean blood pressure: NR Mean total cholesterol: NR Proportion of smokers

118. Archived: Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/behavioral-counseling-and-pharmacotherapy-interventions-for-/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-september-2015
     September 21, 2015 - Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … A review of smoking cessation interventions for smokers aged 50 and older. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study. … Because of the stigma of smoking during pregnancy, it was challenging to recruit pregnant smokers.

119. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update | Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
     www.ahrq.gov/prevention/guidelines/tobacco/index.html
     February 01, 2020 - Smokers cite a doctor's advice to quit as an important motivator for attempting to stop smoking.

120. ahrq37a_LungCancer_Sum.qxd (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/VN82XmdDhcK74WtHxWBTqm
     May 01, 2004 - Of the 20,427 male smokers (> 20 pack-years of smoking) aged 45 and older who volunteered for these 2 … ; 67% current smokers 29,723 offered CXR every 6 mos over 3 yrs; 25,300 offered CXR at baseline and … Patterns of absolute risk of lung cancer mortality in former smokers. … Lung carcinoma in former smokers. Cancer. 1996;78(5):1004–1010. 18. … Screening for early lung cancer with low-dose spiral CT: prevalence in 817 asymptomatic smokers.