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41. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence - Patients Not Ready To Make A Quit Attempt Now (The “5 R’s”) (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cjWWvkNrCHGUqu4jScs8Ak
    Most smokers make several quit attempts before they suc- cessfully quit for good.

42. Archived: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bladder-cancer-screening-2004
    June 07, 2004 - increases the risk for bladder cancer; about 50% of all cases of bladder cancer occur in current or former smokers … Smokers should be counseled on quitting smoking.

43. Archived: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-2014
    June 23, 2014 - Consuming 100 or more cigarettes is commonly used in epidemiologic literature to define an “ever-smoker … for harm before screening for AAA rather than routinely offering screening to all male never-smokers … but increased to 2.0% for current smokers. 9 A meta-analysis of individual-patient data found that … However, the prevalence of AAA in male and female smokers does not seem to have declined. … In response to the comments received, the USPSTF clarified the definition of an “ever-smoker.”

44. Archived: Final Research Plan: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan88/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-september-2015
    February 18, 2014 - is the efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes as an aid for smoking cessation in current adult smokers … through a hookah or waterpipe   Population Adults (age ≥18 years) who are current smokers

45. Ym2Epescwzwnpaamr78Shp (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Ym2epesCwZWNPaaMr78Shp
    August 01, 2014 - For the purposes of this recommendation, an “ever- smoker” is a person who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes … Status Smoking 100 or more cigarettes is commonly used in epidemiologic literature to define an “ever-smoker … but increased to 2.0% for current smokers (9). … However, prevalence in male and female smokers does not seem to have declined. … In response to the com- ments received, the USPSTF clarified the definition of an “ever-smoker.”

46. Evidence Summary: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary14/lung-cancer-screening
    March 09, 2021 - LDCT screening with increasing intervals compared with no screening for high-risk current and former smokers … NLST and NELSON results are generally applicable to high-risk current and former smokers aged 50 to 74 … years, but participants were younger, more highly educated, less likely to be current smokers than the … Emphysema progression is visually detectable in low-dose CT in continuous but not in former smokers. … Annual or biennial CT screening versus observation in heavy smokers: 5-year results of the MILD trial

47. Archived: Tobacco Use in Adults and Pregnant Women: Counseling and Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-2009
    April 15, 2009 - and pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care settings, are effective in increasing the proportion of smokers … cessation counseling sessions, augmented with messages and self-help materials tailored for pregnant smokers … total counseling contact time. 1 Helpful components of counseling include problem-solving guidance for smokers

48. Modeling Study: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-study/lung-cancer-screening
    March 09, 2021 - They also found that the lung cancer risk for current smokers with 20 to 29 pack-years is comparable … with that of former smokers eligible for screening based on the 2013 USPSTF–recommended criteria. … Lung cancer risk and demographic characteristics of current 20-29 pack-year smokers: implications for … Evaluation of USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines among African American adult smokers. … Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers.

49. Screening for Skin Cancer (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2fycG-t73pJzd9fZgtc-mg
    Illnesses These services should be offered to patients regardless of COPD status: All current smokers

50. Screening for Bladder Cancer in Adults - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/C6gCSoknL3qd32EDovsUsh
    November 01, 2004 - increases the risk for bladder cancer; about 50% of all cases of bladder cancer occur in current or former smokers … Smokers should be counseled on quitting smoking.

51. Archived: Final Research Plan: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan102/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening-2016
    May 15, 2014 - impact of targeted preventive services in this population (e.g., false reassurance for screen-negative smokers … hospitalization); adverse events reported by ≥5% of the study population; false reassurance for screen-negative smokers

52. Archived: Lung Cancer: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - Of the initial 31,360 screening x-rays of asymptomatic smokers in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) … Program examined the efficacy of dual screening (chest x-ray and sputum cytology) in over 30,000 male smokers … No organizations currently recommend routine screening of either the general population or of smokers

53. Evaluation of the Benefits and Harms of Lung Cancer Screening With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Modeling Study for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TVsn4SVh_jtaeqSTyrz-Gp
    March 09, 2021 - They also found that the lung cancer risk for current smokers with 20 to 29 pack- years is comparable … with that of former smokers eligible for screen- ing based on the 2013 USPSTF–recommended criteria. … Lung cancer risk and demographic characteristics of current 20-29 pack-year smokers: implications for … Evaluation of USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines among African American adult smokers. … Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers.

54. Evidence Summary: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/impaired-visual-acuity-screening-older-adults
    May 24, 2022 - increased risk of genitourinary events and beta carotene with increased risk of lung cancer in former smokers … Almost all (91%) of the lung cancers occurred in former smokers. … , recommendations 75 for current and former smokers are to avoid the AREDS formula with beta carotene … Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers … (2.0% vs 0.9%, P = .04); almost all (91%) of the lung cancers in this analysis occurred in former smokers

55. Archived: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bladder-cancer-adults-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - Cigarette smoking markedly increases the risk for bladder cancer (relative risk among smokers vs. nonsmokers … = 1.5-7) 4 , 5 nearly half of all new cases of bladder cancer occur in current or former smokers. 2 … cigarettes should be advised that smoking significantly increases the risk for bladder cancer, and all smokers

56. Screening for Carotid Artery Stenosis: An Update of the Evidence (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/YSj5xRQc9DroH8gpUYsoFA
    December 01, 2007 - The participants had a generally high cardiovascular risk: Approximately 50% were current ciga- rette smokers … Carotid artery stenosis is more prevalent in older adults, smokers, persons with hypertension, and persons … Poor Aspirin group: 14 Men: 72% CEA group: 3/15 CEA group: 15 HTN: 69% DM: 14% Hyperlipidemia: 10% Smoker … : 36 White: 100% in aspirin group, 97.2% in CEA group HTN: 63% DM: 14%–19% Hyperlipidemia: 44%–66% Smoker … CEA group: 211 Mean age: 65 y Men: 100% White: 86%–88% HTN: 63%–64% DM: 27%–30% Hyperlipidemia: NR Smoker

57. Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/B73a4kJhxeaYyXK6gozbbY
    May 24, 2022 - increased risk of genitourinary events and beta carotene with increased risk of lung cancer in former smokers … Almost all (91%) of the lung cancers oc- curred in former smokers. … , recommendations75 for current and former smokers are to avoid the AREDS formula with beta carotene, … (current smokers were excluded from the analysis) Evidence on harms of antioxidant vitamins and minerals … Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers

58. Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/uM5P-6XpsqVfEC2axGnZaD
    November 16, 2020 - Reaching midlife and older smokers: tailored interventions for routine medical care. … Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit. … A pilot study testing SMS text delivered scheduled gradual reduction to pregnant smokers. … Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and … Cardiovascular safety of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers: a randomized clinical

59. Screening for Lung Cancer With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ghbfx9e3A6jQEqVW26y8Jv
    March 09, 2021 - LDCT screening with increasing intervals compared with no screening for high-risk current and former smokers … vs 1.01 for former smokers, P = .12).37 Both LUSI and NELSON reported a similar pattern for subgroups … NLST and NELSON results are generally applicable to high-risk current and former smokers aged 50 to 74 … Emphysema progression is visually detectable in low-dose CT in continuous but not in former smokers. … Annual or biennial CT screening versus observation in heavy smokers: 5-year results of the MILD trial

60. Recommendation: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening
    May 10, 2022 - Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD in the US. 1 , 7 About 15% of current smokers and 8% … of former smokers report being diagnosed with COPD, compared with 3% of adults who have never smoked. … Current smokers (regardless of whether COPD is diagnosed) should receive smoking cessation counseling … smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD, the evidence reviewed, which included current and former smokers