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21. Archived: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions-2013
    August 15, 2013 - settings to school-aged children and adolescents who have experimented with smoking or are regular smokers … . 1 Few studies targeted regular, established smokers or stratified findings by length or amount of … smoking (such as experimenters vs. established smokers). … trials combined smoking prevention and cessation and reported results separately for nonsmokers and smokers … tobacco use and limited its review on the effectiveness of tobacco use interventions to adolescent smokers

22. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Lung Cancer: Screening, May 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary35/lung-cancer-screening-2004
    May 15, 2004 - ; currently a high percentage of lung cancer cases occur in former smokers, since the risk for lung cancer … Of the 20,427 male smokers (> 20 pack-years of smoking) aged 45 and older who volunteered for these 2 … Patterns of absolute risk of lung cancer mortality in former smokers. … Lung carcinoma in former smokers. Cancer 1996;78(5):1004-10. … Screening for early lung cancer with low-dose spiral CT: prevalence in 817 asymptomatic smokers.

23. Recommendation: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening
    March 09, 2021 - It also recommends smoking cessation counseling for current smokers, shared decision-making about lung … and former smokers aged 55 to 77 years who have smoked 30 pack-years or more and either continue to … Evaluation of USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines among African American adult smokers. … Latino and Black smokers in the Health and Retirement Study are more likely to quit: the role of light … Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95(6):470-478. 

24. Archived: Modeling Report: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-report/lung-cancer-screening-december-2013
    July 30, 2013 - 20% compared with annual chest radiography screenings in a volunteer population of current and former smokers … least 30 pack-years of cigarette smoking history and no more than 15 years since quitting for former smokers … The cohort includes smokers and nonsmokers so that outcomes are at the population level. … but limiting eligibility to fewer former smokers (32% more screenings and 15% more lung cancer deaths … with at least 30 pack-years, and no more than 15 years since quitting for former smokers (A55-80-30-

25. Z -5Hklbgepqpayfchveyf (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Z_-5hkLbGePQPAYFCHVEyf
    October 01, 2013 - settings to school-aged chil- dren and adolescents who have experimented with smok- ing or are regular smokers … Few studies targeted regular, established smokers or stratified findings by length or amount of smoking … (such as experimenters vs. established smokers). … , which included 26 624 children and ado- lescents and examined smoking initiation in baseline non- smokers … tobacco use and limited its review on the effectiveness of tobacco use interventions to adoles- cent smokers

26. Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/eSLqaKpvzhYRbQVeumNgSQ
    January 19, 2021 - ’ relative likelihood to quit smoking at 6 or more months as com- pared with smokers receiving usual … Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Randomized trial of nicotine inhaler for pregnant smokers. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study.

27. Archived: Published Comment - Will Recommendations against Spirometry Make Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Harder to Treat?: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/published-comment---will-recommendations-against-spirometry-make-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-harder-to-treat/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-screening-2008
    November 15, 2008 - The most recent, by Parkes and colleagues 17 , in which all patients (smokers age ≥35 years) had spirometry … Smokers with airway obstruction are more likely to quit smoking. Thorax 2006;61:869-73. … The impact of repeated spirometry and smoking cessation advice on smokers with mild COPD.

28. JAMA (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2DGd8AvVMTJwP3ttrPcnLL
    February 25, 2020 - go on to smoke into adulthood.36 Immediate adverse health effects in child and adolescent cigarette smokers … , while 5 trials enrolled both smokers and nonsmokers but reported results by baseline smok- ing status … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. … Smoking cessation study in healthy adolescent smokers [NCT01312909]. ClinicalTrials.gov. … Pfizer reports top-line results from a study of Chantix®/Champix® (varenicline) in adolescent smokers

29. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence - Patients Not Ready To Make A Quit Attempt Now (The “5 R’s”) (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cjWWvkNrCHGUqu4jScs8Ak
    Most smokers make several quit attempts before they suc- cessfully quit for good.

30. Archived: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bladder-cancer-screening-2004
    June 07, 2004 - increases the risk for bladder cancer; about 50% of all cases of bladder cancer occur in current or former smokers … Smokers should be counseled on quitting smoking.

31. JAMA (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/WN7F3WW6RQFDkHay87a3Dx
    November 18, 2020 - tobacco/ data_statistics/fact_sheets/cessation/smoking-cessation-fast- facts/) • Tips From Former Smokers … It also recom- mends smoking cessation counseling for current smokers, shared decision-making about lung … Evaluation of USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines among African American adult smokers. … Latino and Black smokers in the Health and Retirement Study are more likely to quit: the role of light … Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers.

32. Archived: Final Research Plan: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan88/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-september-2015
    February 18, 2014 - is the efficacy and safety of electronic cigarettes as an aid for smoking cessation in current adult smokers … through a hookah or waterpipe   Population Adults (age ≥18 years) who are current smokers

33. Archived: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-2014
    June 23, 2014 - Consuming 100 or more cigarettes is commonly used in epidemiologic literature to define an “ever-smoker … for harm before screening for AAA rather than routinely offering screening to all male never-smokers … but increased to 2.0% for current smokers. 9 A meta-analysis of individual-patient data found that … However, the prevalence of AAA in male and female smokers does not seem to have declined. … In response to the comments received, the USPSTF clarified the definition of an “ever-smoker.”

34. Ym2Epescwzwnpaamr78Shp (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Ym2epesCwZWNPaaMr78Shp
    August 01, 2014 - For the purposes of this recommendation, an “ever- smoker” is a person who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes … Status Smoking 100 or more cigarettes is commonly used in epidemiologic literature to define an “ever-smoker … but increased to 2.0% for current smokers (9). … However, prevalence in male and female smokers does not seem to have declined. … In response to the com- ments received, the USPSTF clarified the definition of an “ever-smoker.”

35. Screening for Skin Cancer (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2fycG-t73pJzd9fZgtc-mg
    Illnesses These services should be offered to patients regardless of COPD status: All current smokers

36. Archived: Tobacco Use in Adults and Pregnant Women: Counseling and Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-2009
    April 15, 2009 - and pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care settings, are effective in increasing the proportion of smokers … cessation counseling sessions, augmented with messages and self-help materials tailored for pregnant smokers … total counseling contact time. 1 Helpful components of counseling include problem-solving guidance for smokers

37. Screening for Bladder Cancer in Adults - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/C6gCSoknL3qd32EDovsUsh
    November 01, 2004 - increases the risk for bladder cancer; about 50% of all cases of bladder cancer occur in current or former smokers … Smokers should be counseled on quitting smoking.

38. Archived: Final Research Plan: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan102/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening-2016
    May 15, 2014 - impact of targeted preventive services in this population (e.g., false reassurance for screen-negative smokers … hospitalization); adverse events reported by ≥5% of the study population; false reassurance for screen-negative smokers

39. Evaluation of the Benefits and Harms of Lung Cancer Screening With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Modeling Study for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TVsn4SVh_jtaeqSTyrz-Gp
    March 09, 2021 - They also found that the lung cancer risk for current smokers with 20 to 29 pack- years is comparable … with that of former smokers eligible for screen- ing based on the 2013 USPSTF–recommended criteria. … Lung cancer risk and demographic characteristics of current 20-29 pack-year smokers: implications for … Evaluation of USPSTF lung cancer screening guidelines among African American adult smokers. … Variations in lung cancer risk among smokers.

40. Archived: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bladder-cancer-adults-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - Cigarette smoking markedly increases the risk for bladder cancer (relative risk among smokers vs. nonsmokers … = 1.5-7) 4 , 5 nearly half of all new cases of bladder cancer occur in current or former smokers. 2 … cigarettes should be advised that smoking significantly increases the risk for bladder cancer, and all smokers