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101. Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ATw4mRze5EGYVYWwuYrvej
     February 01, 2014 - increase the chance of getting lung cancer for people who are already at risk of lung cancer, such as smokers … the chance of getting lung cancer in people who are already at risk for lung cancer, such as current smokers

102. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Issues Draft Recommendation Statement on Screening for COPD (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/copd-screening-draft-rec-bulletin.pdf
     December 06, 2021 - Current and former smokers are at the highest risk of developing COPD.

103. www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/copd-screening-final-rec-bulletin.pdf
     May 10, 2022 - Current and former smokers are at the highest risk of developing COPD.

104. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommends Screening Some Men for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/aaafinalrecbulletin.pdf
     June 24, 2014 - “Older male smokers are at the highest risk of developing AAA,” says Task Force co-vice chair Albert

105. Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/B73a4kJhxeaYyXK6gozbbY
     May 24, 2022 - increased risk of genitourinary events and beta carotene with increased risk of lung cancer in former smokers … Almost all (91%) of the lung cancers oc- curred in former smokers. … , recommendations75 for current and former smokers are to avoid the AREDS formula with beta carotene, … (current smokers were excluded from the analysis) Evidence on harms of antioxidant vitamins and minerals … Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers

106. Evidence Summary: Statins for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-statins/statin-use-in-adults-preventive-medication
     November 13, 2016 - : 156 HDL-C: 45.8 (men), 58.3 (women) TC: 235 Triglycerides: 138 Diabetes: 2% Smoker … 15 White, 89 LDL-C: 150 HDL-C: 36 TC: 221 Triglycerides: 158 Diabetes: 3% Smoker … LVH: 14% Other ECG abnormalities: 14% PVD: 5% Other CVD: 4% Diabetes: 25% Smoker … 2010 58 38 White, 99 LDL-C: 122 HDL-C: 62 TC: 205 Triglycerides: 111 Smoker … , 13 LDL-C: 135 HDL-C: 48 TC: 215 Triglycerides: 164 Diabetes: 100% Current smoker

107. Archived: Evidence Summary: Statins for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-statins/statin-use-in-adults-preventive-medication-november-2016
     November 13, 2016 - : 156 HDL-C: 45.8 (men), 58.3 (women) TC: 235 Triglycerides: 138 Diabetes: 2% Smoker … 15 White, 89 LDL-C: 150 HDL-C: 36 TC: 221 Triglycerides: 158 Diabetes: 3% Smoker … LVH: 14% Other ECG abnormalities: 14% PVD: 5% Other CVD: 4% Diabetes: 25% Smoker … 2010 58 38 White, 99 LDL-C: 122 HDL-C: 62 TC: 205 Triglycerides: 111 Smoker … , 13 LDL-C: 135 HDL-C: 48 TC: 215 Triglycerides: 164 Diabetes: 100% Current smoker

108. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Issues Draft Recommendation Statement on Primary Care Interventions for Prevention and Cessation of Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/tobacco-screening-children-final-rec-bulletin.pdf
     April 28, 2020 - This problem almost always begins before adulthood; nearly 90 percent of smokers try their first cigarette

109. Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/uM5P-6XpsqVfEC2axGnZaD
     November 16, 2020 - Reaching midlife and older smokers: tailored interventions for routine medical care. … Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit. … A pilot study testing SMS text delivered scheduled gradual reduction to pregnant smokers. … Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and … Cardiovascular safety of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers: a randomized clinical

110. Screening for Lung Cancer With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ghbfx9e3A6jQEqVW26y8Jv
     March 09, 2021 - LDCT screening with increasing intervals compared with no screening for high-risk current and former smokers … vs 1.01 for former smokers, P = .12).37 Both LUSI and NELSON reported a similar pattern for subgroups … NLST and NELSON results are generally applicable to high-risk current and former smokers aged 50 to 74 … Emphysema progression is visually detectable in low-dose CT in continuous but not in former smokers. … Annual or biennial CT screening versus observation in heavy smokers: 5-year results of the MILD trial

111. Recommendation: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening
     May 10, 2022 - Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD in the US. 1 , 7 About 15% of current smokers and 8% … of former smokers report being diagnosed with COPD, compared with 3% of adults who have never smoked. … Current smokers (regardless of whether COPD is diagnosed) should receive smoking cessation counseling … smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD, the evidence reviewed, which included current and former smokers

112. Clinical Summary: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/ClinicalSummaryFinal/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening
     December 10, 2019 - “Ever smoker” is commonly defined as smoking 100 or more cigarettes. Screen .

113. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Issues Final Recommendation Statement on Screening for Lung Cancer (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/lung-cancer-newsbulletin.pdf
     March 09, 2021 - People between 50 and 80 years old who are current or former smokers should talk to their doctor about

114. Information for Professionals | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation-topics/tools-and-resources-for-better-preventive-care
     General has said, “Smoking cessation [stopping smoking] represents the single most important step that smokers

115. Archived: Pancreatic Cancer: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/pancreatic-cancer-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - studies) are not histologically confirmed. 4 Pancreatic cancer is more common in men, blacks, cigarette smokers … Cohort and case-control studies suggest that former smokers have a decreased risk of pancreatic cancer … compared with current smokers, 43 , 44 , 47-49 but estimates of the duration of abstinence required

116. Clinician Summary of USPSTF Recommendation Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/SA2xTFXTzgdbgTYw9DEoMS
     December 01, 2019 - “Ever smoker” is commonly defined as smoking 100 or more cigarettes. Screen.

117. Behavioral Counseling Interventions: An Evidence-based Approach | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/behavioral-counseling-interventions-evidence-based-approach
     March 04, 2021 - volunteering for treatment (roughly 3 percent to 5 percent of all smokers). … However, well-delivered advice is actually associated with improved satisfaction among smokers 54  and … Similarly, a recent analysis at the U.S. population level estimated the expected ex-smoker yields of … Nurse-assisted counseling for smokers in primary care.  Ann Intern Med  1993;118(7):521-525. … The impact of a tailored guide on ratings and short-term smoking-related outcomes for older smokers. 

118. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Issues Draft Recommendation Statement on Behavioral Counseling to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in At-Risk Adults (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/cvdhighriskbulletin.pdf
     May 13, 2014 - factor for cardiovascular disease such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and being a current smoker

119. Archived: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/peripheral-arterial-disease-pad-screening
     August 08, 2005 - another RCT of primary prevention of intermittent claudication, a subgroup analysis of 26,289 male smokers … (vitamin E) and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of intermittent claudication in male smokers

120. Archived: Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/peripheral-arterial-disease-pad-screening-2005
     August 08, 2005 - another RCT of primary prevention of intermittent claudication, a subgroup analysis of 26,289 male smokers … (vitamin E) and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of intermittent claudication in male smokers