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1. Update on Methods: Insufficient Evidence - Table 5 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/update-on-methods-insufficient-evidence---table-5
   February 01, 2009 - Suspicious lung lesions are identified by CT screening in about 13% of at-risk individuals, such as ever-smokers … mammograms. 28 Costs The costs of creating the infrastructure to deliver this service to all smokers … and ex-smokers would be large.

2. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
   February 15, 2005 - and never smokers by age. … Selective screening for AAAs only in current smokers, and not former smokers, is too restrictive, since … ) + (1- smoking prevalence) x (AAA prevalence in never smokers)] Ever smokers AAAs in ever smokers … The key variable in this model is the relative prevalence of AAAs in ever smokers versus never smokers … with ever smokers.

3. Archived: Evidence Summary: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary4/lung-cancer-screening-december-2013
   July 30, 2013 - Approximately 20% of Americans currently are smokers, and many more are former smokers 12 ; thus, lung … Lung carcinoma in former smokers. Cancer . 1996;78:1004-10. … CT ( n = 1276) vs. annual clinic review (n = 96) Mean age: 64.3 vs. 64.6 y Current smoker … y (SD, 6), smoking history of 15 cigarettes/d for >25 y or >10 cigarettes/d for >30 y and if former smoker … smokers: 42 vs. 42 Never smokers: 45 vs. 44 NLST-eligible: 20 vs. 21 Family history:

4. Archived: Evidence Summary: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening-2016
   April 05, 2016 - The LFQ assigns scores to age; smoking history (pack-years, never/current/former smoker); and presence … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. … Smoking characteristics: differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers … 35 (13.0) c , e Parkes et al, 41 2008 561 Aged ≥35 y; patient record indicates was a smoker

5. Archived: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-screening-2008
   March 15, 2008 - in the past ("ever smokers"), who are 40 years of age or older, and who have severe or very severe COPD … Fair evidence indicates that spirometry can lead to substantial overdiagnosis of COPD in "never smokers … , and for smokers younger than 40 years of age. … Airflow obstruction was more common in current or past smokers. … Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers.

6. Archived: Tobacco Use Prevention: Counseling, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-prevention-counseling-1996
   January 01, 1996 - Heart disease mortality in nonsmokers living with smokers. … Nurse-assisted counseling for smokers in primary care. … Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit: a randomized, controlled trial. … Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit. … Are physicians advising smokers to quit? The patient's perspective.

7. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/BhnZRA--TRpXdg9_tYmZ_M
   April 05, 2016 - There was not strong evidence to support that screening and supplying smokers with spirometry results … The LFQ as- signs scores to age; smoking history (pack-years, never/current/ former smoker); and presence … to quit smoking 35 (13.0)c,e Parkes et al,41 2008 561 Aged ≥35 y; patient record indicates was a smoker … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. … Smoking characteristics: differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers

8. Archived: Evidence Summary: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary26/tobacco-use-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions-2013
   December 11, 2012 - The definition of what constituted a smoker at baseline and the primary outcome measure differed among … The authors do not report whether baseline smokers were included in the follow-up. … Children and Adolescents Study, Year (Reference) Analyzed, n Definition of Smoker … * Includes self-described experimenters and smokers. … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. 

9. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Using Spirometry: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/QTJe7MfZ7cru9yYpxqx77m
   April 01, 2008 - However, fair evidence shows that providing smokers with spirometry results does not independently improve … in the past (“ever smokers”), who are 40 years of age or older, and who have severe or very severe COPD … , and for smokers younger than 40 years of age. … Airflow obstruction was more common in current or past smokers. … Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers.

10. Archived: Published Response - Will Recommendations against Spirometry Make Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Harder to Treat?: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/published-response---will-recommendations-against-spirometry-make-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-harder-to-treat/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-screening-2008
    November 15, 2008 - effective therapy was tobacco cessation interventions, which the USPSTF already recommends for all adult smokers … Petty and Mannino argue that providing smokers with spirometry results may motivate them to quit smoking … spirometry, the only definite conclusion that can be drawn is that communicating spirometry results to smokers

11. Archived: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening-2016
    April 05, 2016 - cases occur in current or former smokers. … In addition, trials are needed that assess the effects of screening among current and previous smokers … The USPSTF received requests for clarification about whether high-risk groups, such as current smokers … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation.

12. Archived: Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Caused Disease: Counseling, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-tobacco-caused-disease-counseling-2003
    November 01, 2003 - and pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care settings, are effective in increasing the proportion of smokers … smoking cessation counseling (5-15 minutes) using messages and self-help materials tailored for pregnant smokers … Helpful aspects of counseling include providing problem-solving guidance for smokers to develop a plan … discretion in conducting tobacco-related discussions with this population, since the majority of adult smokers … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial.

13. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_ZPNC3vqdS3R-ggXro6UAM
    April 05, 2016 - Epidemiological studies have found that 15% to 50% of smokers develop COPD.3 More than 70% of all COPD … cases oc- cur in current or former smokers. … The USPSTF received requests for clarification about whether high-risk groups, such as current smokers … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration. 2006;73(3):285-295. 8. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation.

14. Final Evidence Summary: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/other-supporting-document19468/tobacco-and-nicotine-use-prevention-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions
    April 28, 2020 - Prevention trials in nonsmokers and cessation trials in smokers were analyzed separately. … Trials that included both smokers and nonsmokers but provided results by baseline smoking status appear … Most smokers initiate smoking in adolescence. 56 Methods to reduce exposure to nicotine and known and … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. … Authors do not report whether baseline smokers were included in the follow-up. d At baseline, 22.0% of

15. Archived: Evidence Summary: Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary25/screening-for-abnormal-blood-glucose-and-type-2-diabetes-october-2015
    April 13, 2015 - The mean hemoglobin A1c level was 6.5%, approximately one fourth of participants were smokers, mean BMI … mm Hg at baseline excluded Mean total cholesterol: 4.3 vs. 4.3 vs. 4.4 mmol/L Proportion of smokers … D: 15% vs. 15% statin or fibrate use Proportion of current or former smokers: 44% vs. 45% and 44% … hypertension Mean total cholesterol: NR; 77% vs. 76% history of dyslipidemia Proportion of smokers … . 33.9 vs. 34.2 kg/m 2 Mean blood pressure: NR Mean total cholesterol: NR Proportion of smokers

16. Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions
    January 19, 2021 - ’ relative likelihood to quit smoking at 6 or more months as compared with smokers receiving usual care … Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Randomized trial of nicotine inhaler for pregnant smokers. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study.

17. Archived: Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/behavioral-counseling-and-pharmacotherapy-interventions-for-/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-september-2015
    September 21, 2015 - Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … A review of smoking cessation interventions for smokers aged 50 and older. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study. … Because of the stigma of smoking during pregnancy, it was challenging to recruit pregnant smokers.

18. Uhtgkzvs Bpnj4 G4Fxuay (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/uhtgkZVs_bpNJ4_G4fXUay
    March 01, 2014 - screening in asymptomatic persons who are at average or high risk for lung cancer (current or former smokers … In current and former smokers, age-specific incidence rates increase with age and cumulative exposure … Advising smokers to stop smoking and preventing nonsmokers from being exposed to tobacco smoke are the … Participants were current or former smokers and were randomly assigned to LDCT or chest radiography. … defined as persons aged 55 to 74 years who have at least a 30 pack- year smoking history and, if a former smoker

19. Archived: Published Comments and Response: Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/published-comments-and-response/aspirin-for-the-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication-2009
    October 15, 2009 - smoking is a major risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction, the updated guidelines imply that smokers … The TPT Thrombosis Prevention Trial) 3 studied high-risk patients, 44% of whom were smokers, and although … triglyceride of 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL), no family history of coronary heart disease. c Man aged 65 years, smoker … Budhraja that the higher risk for peptic ulcer disease in smokers might place them at higher risk for

20. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions for Tobacco and Nicotine Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/p6k4ooduXN8RQoVGS9H5Sx
    March 01, 2011 - An additional 2 trials that reported smok- ing prevalence in a combined group of baseline smokers and … Prevention trials in nonsmokers and cessation trials in smokers were analyzed separately. … Authors do not report whether baseline smokers were included in the follow-up. … f Baseline smokers were excluded from the analysis (specific numbers not reported). … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings.