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1. Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Best-Evidence Systematic Review (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/teeHcmNgvNBSj4-E9SN5QK
   February 01, 2005 - and never smokers by age. … Selective screening for AAAs only in current smokers, and not former smokers, is too restrictive, since … patients with diabetes (OR, 0.52 [CI, P at ie nt s w ith A A A , % 50–54 Age, y Never smoker … Ever smoker 55–59 60–64 65–69 70–74 75–79 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Figure 3. … ) x (AAA prevalence in never smokers)] Ever smokers AAAs in ever smokers: n x (smoking prevalence)

2. Archived: Evidence Summary: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary4/lung-cancer-screening-december-2013
   July 30, 2013 - Approximately 20% of Americans currently are smokers, and many more are former smokers 12 ; thus, lung … Lung carcinoma in former smokers. Cancer . 1996;78:1004-10. … CT ( n = 1276) vs. annual clinic review (n = 96) Mean age: 64.3 vs. 64.6 y Current smoker … y (SD, 6), smoking history of 15 cigarettes/d for >25 y or >10 cigarettes/d for >30 y and if former smoker … smokers: 42 vs. 42 Never smokers: 45 vs. 44 NLST-eligible: 20 vs. 21 Family history:

3. Archived: Evidence Summary: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening-2016
   April 05, 2016 - The LFQ assigns scores to age; smoking history (pack-years, never/current/former smoker); and presence … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. … Smoking characteristics: differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers … 35 (13.0) c , e Parkes et al, 41 2008 561 Aged ≥35 y; patient record indicates was a smoker

4. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
   February 15, 2005 - and never smokers by age. … Selective screening for AAAs only in current smokers, and not former smokers, is too restrictive, since … ) + (1- smoking prevalence) x (AAA prevalence in never smokers)] Ever smokers AAAs in ever smokers … The key variable in this model is the relative prevalence of AAAs in ever smokers versus never smokers … with ever smokers.

5. Update on Methods: Insufficient Evidence - Table 5 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/update-on-methods-insufficient-evidence---table-5
   February 01, 2009 - Suspicious lung lesions are identified by CT screening in about 13% of at-risk individuals, such as ever-smokers … mammograms. 28 Costs The costs of creating the infrastructure to deliver this service to all smokers … and ex-smokers would be large.

6. Archived: Tobacco Use Prevention: Counseling, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-prevention-counseling-1996
   January 01, 1996 - Heart disease mortality in nonsmokers living with smokers. … Nurse-assisted counseling for smokers in primary care. … Encouraging primary care physicians to help smokers quit: a randomized, controlled trial. … Health education for pregnant smokers: its behavioral impact and cost benefit. … Are physicians advising smokers to quit? The patient's perspective.

7. Archived: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-screening-2008
   March 15, 2008 - in the past ("ever smokers"), who are 40 years of age or older, and who have severe or very severe COPD … Fair evidence indicates that spirometry can lead to substantial overdiagnosis of COPD in "never smokers … , and for smokers younger than 40 years of age. … Airflow obstruction was more common in current or past smokers. … Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers.

8. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/BhnZRA--TRpXdg9_tYmZ_M
   April 05, 2016 - There was not strong evidence to support that screening and supplying smokers with spirometry results … The LFQ as- signs scores to age; smoking history (pack-years, never/current/ former smoker); and presence … to quit smoking 35 (13.0)c,e Parkes et al,41 2008 561 Aged ≥35 y; patient record indicates was a smoker … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. … Smoking characteristics: differences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers

9. -Umtbplhkqkcqcbeq3Gtuj (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/-UMtbPLHkQKcQCbeQ3gTuJ
   September 01, 2013 - Among heavy smokers, lung cancer accounts for 33% of overall mortality (5). … Patterns of absolute risk of lung cancer mortality in former smokers. … pack-year history CT (n � 1276) vs. annual clinic review (n � 1196) Mean age: 64.3 vs. 64.6 y Current smoker … y (SD, 6); smoking history of 15 cigarettes/d for �25 y or �10 cigarettes/d for �30 y and if former smoker … (n � 77 456) Men: 50 vs. 50 White: 86 vs. 85 Current smokers: 10 vs. 10 Former smokers: 42 vs. 42 Never

10. Archived: Evidence Summary: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary26/tobacco-use-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions-2013
    December 11, 2012 - The definition of what constituted a smoker at baseline and the primary outcome measure differed among … The authors do not report whether baseline smokers were included in the follow-up. … Children and Adolescents Study, Year (Reference) Analyzed, n Definition of Smoker … * Includes self-described experimenters and smokers. … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. 

11. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Using Spirometry: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/QTJe7MfZ7cru9yYpxqx77m
    April 01, 2008 - However, fair evidence shows that providing smokers with spirometry results does not independently improve … in the past (“ever smokers”), who are 40 years of age or older, and who have severe or very severe COPD … , and for smokers younger than 40 years of age. … Airflow obstruction was more common in current or past smokers. … Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers.

12. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions for Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/myqvgr-dsW7k3eQbwj4aR4
    February 01, 2013 - We entered the raw number of smokers and the total number of participants in the analysis to calculate … or former smokers (Appendix Table 4, available at www.annals.org). … The definition of what constituted a smoker at base- line and the primary outcome measure differed among … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. … Results of Interventions: Cessation Study, Year (Reference) Analyzed, n Definition of Smoker at Baseline

13. Archived: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening-2016
    April 05, 2016 - cases occur in current or former smokers. … In addition, trials are needed that assess the effects of screening among current and previous smokers … The USPSTF received requests for clarification about whether high-risk groups, such as current smokers … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation.

14. Archived: Published Response - Will Recommendations against Spirometry Make Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Harder to Treat?: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/published-response---will-recommendations-against-spirometry-make-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-harder-to-treat/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-screening-2008
    November 15, 2008 - effective therapy was tobacco cessation interventions, which the USPSTF already recommends for all adult smokers … Petty and Mannino argue that providing smokers with spirometry results may motivate them to quit smoking … spirometry, the only definite conclusion that can be drawn is that communicating spirometry results to smokers

15. Archived: Tobacco Use and Tobacco-Caused Disease: Counseling, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/tobacco-use-tobacco-caused-disease-counseling-2003
    November 01, 2003 - and pharmacotherapy delivered in primary care settings, are effective in increasing the proportion of smokers … smoking cessation counseling (5-15 minutes) using messages and self-help materials tailored for pregnant smokers … Helpful aspects of counseling include providing problem-solving guidance for smokers to develop a plan … discretion in conducting tobacco-related discussions with this population, since the majority of adult smokers … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial.

16. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_ZPNC3vqdS3R-ggXro6UAM
    April 05, 2016 - Epidemiological studies have found that 15% to 50% of smokers develop COPD.3 More than 70% of all COPD … cases oc- cur in current or former smokers. … The USPSTF received requests for clarification about whether high-risk groups, such as current smokers … Symptom-based questionnaire for identifying COPD in smokers. Respiration. 2006;73(3):285-295. 8. … Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation.

17. Final Evidence Summary: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/other-supporting-document19468/tobacco-and-nicotine-use-prevention-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions
    April 28, 2020 - Prevention trials in nonsmokers and cessation trials in smokers were analyzed separately. … Trials that included both smokers and nonsmokers but provided results by baseline smoking status appear … Most smokers initiate smoking in adolescence. 56 Methods to reduce exposure to nicotine and known and … Brief motivational intervention for adolescent smokers in medical settings. … Authors do not report whether baseline smokers were included in the follow-up. d At baseline, 22.0% of

18. Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions
    January 19, 2021 - ’ relative likelihood to quit smoking at 6 or more months as compared with smokers receiving usual care … Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Randomized trial of nicotine inhaler for pregnant smokers. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study.

19. Archived: Evidence Summary: Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary25/screening-for-abnormal-blood-glucose-and-type-2-diabetes-october-2015
    April 13, 2015 - The mean hemoglobin A1c level was 6.5%, approximately one fourth of participants were smokers, mean BMI … mm Hg at baseline excluded Mean total cholesterol: 4.3 vs. 4.3 vs. 4.4 mmol/L Proportion of smokers … D: 15% vs. 15% statin or fibrate use Proportion of current or former smokers: 44% vs. 45% and 44% … hypertension Mean total cholesterol: NR; 77% vs. 76% history of dyslipidemia Proportion of smokers … . 33.9 vs. 34.2 kg/m 2 Mean blood pressure: NR Mean total cholesterol: NR Proportion of smokers

20. Archived: Evidence Summary: Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/behavioral-counseling-and-pharmacotherapy-interventions-for-/tobacco-use-in-adults-and-pregnant-women-counseling-and-interventions-september-2015
    September 21, 2015 - Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression. … A review of smoking cessation interventions for smokers aged 50 and older. … Nicotine gum for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. … Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study. … Because of the stigma of smoking during pregnancy, it was challenging to recruit pregnant smokers.