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1. Machine Learning Methods in Systematic Reviews: Identifying Quality Improvement Intervention Evaluations | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/machine-learning-quality/research
   September 21, 2012 - We explored different prediction algorithms and tested results against reference samples screened by … Across two reference samples, the predictive performance of the machine learning approach demonstrated

2. Research White Paper Biorepositories Addendum Registries For Evaluating Patient Outcomes Third Edition (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/biorepositories-registries-guide-3rd-ed-addendum-white-paper.pdf
   February 01, 2018 - with the donors or the recipient of the data and samples from third parties. … The repository will also need to outline the procedures for acquisition of samples. … as when and to whom the samples are released. … Broad Consent for Research with Biological Samples: Workshop Conclusions. … Research with stored biological samples: what do research participants want?

3. Research White Paper Biorepositories Addendum Registries For Evaluating Patient Outcomes Third Edition (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/biorepositories-registries-guide-3rd-ed-addendum-white-paper.pdf
   February 01, 2018 - with the donors or the recipient of the data and samples from third parties. … The repository will also need to outline the procedures for acquisition of samples. … as when and to whom the samples are released. … Broad Consent for Research with Biological Samples: Workshop Conclusions. … Research with stored biological samples: what do research participants want?

4. C-Diff-Infections-Surveillance-140925 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/c-diff-infections-surveillance-140925.pdf
   January 01, 2014 - with toxin-negative samples (58% for illumigene vs. 100% for Xpert; P<0.001). … difficile and the presence of the PCR ribotype 027 in stool samples. … Compared to those with feces samples cultured positive for C. difficile type 027, the sensitivity, … difficile assays stool samples and 50 retrospective stool samples neutralization assay (CCNA); … was recovered from 218 samples using a combination of all media.

5. Data Development for Patient Safety — A Pilot Study using Medicare Part B Drug Data | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/patient-safety-drug-data/abstract
   January 01, 2005 - The merits of these data include large samples covering the spectrum of the elderly and disabled and

6. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews Chapter 11 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-genetic_methods.pdf
   July 01, 2012 - In general, preanalytic steps are those involved in obtaining, fixing or preserving, and storing samples … Important analytic variables include the type of assay chosen and its reliability, types of samples, … What types of samples were used? How were samples obtained? … How were samples handled and stored prior to analysis? Analytic What type of assay was used? … When were samples analyzed (compared to when they were collected)?

7. Core Needle and Open Surgical Biopsy for Diagnosis of Breast Lesions — An Update to the 2009 Report | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/breast-biopsy-update/research-protocol
   September 20, 2013 - There are currently three techniques for obtaining samples from suspicious breast lesions: fine-needle … Samples obtained by any of these methods are evaluated by pathologists and classified into histological … Because a core-needle biopsy often samples only part of the breast abnormality, there is the risk that … The biopsy may be carried out with needles of varying diameters, and one or more samples of tissue may … A device used to obtain core-needle samples.

8. breast-biopsy-update-130920 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/breast-biopsy-update_research-protocol.pdf
   September 20, 2013 - There are currently three techniques for obtaining samples from suspicious breast lesions: fine-needle … Samples obtained by any of these methods are evaluated by pathologists and classified into histological … Because a core-needle biopsy often samples only part of the breast abnormality, there is the risk that … The biopsy may be carried out with needles of varying diameters, and one or more samples of tissue may … A device used to obtain core-needle samples.

9. Engaging Patients in Information Sharing and Data Collection: The Role of Patient-Powered Registries and Research Networks (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/stakeholders-engagement-others_white-paper.pdf
   September 01, 2013 - clinical outcomes, diagnostic reports or images, hospital records, collected/donated blood or tissue samples … Patient registries may also include the collection of tissue or blood samples collected in a variety … Several PPRs have biobanks, or repositories, where patients can provide samples of blood or tissue to … a variety of patient and family needs, the foundation’s co-founder, Nancy Wexler, also collected samples … success is its ability to attract patients and/or family members who will contribute information or samples

10. PCA3 Testing in the Diagnosis and Management of Prostate Cancer: Future Research Needs (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/prostate-cancer-antigen-3-gene_research.pdf
    April 01, 2013 - PCA3 measured in archived samples from patients identified as biopsy-positive or biopsy- negative in … in these samples. … There may be costs associated with obtaining and using samples and data. … While this approach has the advantage that it often facilitates identification of samples for study, … There may be costs associated with obtaining and using samples and data.

11. Meta-Analytic Statistical Inferences for Continuous Measure Outcomes as a Function of Effect Size Metric and Other Assumptions | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/statistical-inference/research
    April 10, 2013 - observed circumstances as normal sampling distributions, large numbers of studies, and studies with large samples

12. Executive Summary: ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-267-adhd-executive-summary.pdf
    March 01, 2024 - reliability, no findings have been replicated prospectively using the same measure in independent samples … reliability, no findings have been replicated prospectively using the same measure in independent samples

13. Core-Needle Biopsy for Breast Abnormalities (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/breast-biopsy-update_clinician.pdf
    May 01, 2016 - . ��� 95% CrI = 95-percent credible interval Because core-needle biopsy samples only part of the suspicious … Open surgical biopsy samples most or all of the lesion, so it is considered to have a smaller risk of

14. Hepatic-Fibrosis White-Paper (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/hepatic-fibrosis_white-paper.pdf
    April 01, 2014 - Diagnostic accuracy of tests for fibrosis a Fibrosis Test (cutoff) Number of Samples Sensitivity … Diagnostic accuracy of tests for fibrosis a (continued) Fibrosis Test (cutoff) Number of Samples … Diagnostic accuracy of tests for fibrosis a (continued) Fibrosis Test (cutoff) Number of Samples … ratio bAdditional data for study(s) with discrepancy in reported data c first number is number of samples … for sensitivity/second number is number of samples for specificity dAdditional data for study(s) without

15. Engaging Patients in Information Sharing and Data Collection: The Role of Patient-Powered Registries and Research Networks | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/stakeholders-engagement-others/white-paper
    September 30, 2013 - clinical outcomes, diagnostic reports or images, hospital records, collected/donated blood or tissue samples

16. Disposition of Comments for Child Exposure to Trauma: Comparative Effectiveness of Interventions Addressing Maltreatment (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/trauma-interventions-maltreatment-child_disposition-comments.pdf
    April 15, 2013 - CERs, and 3) to avert yet more heterogeneity due to inconsistent, vague, or absent definitions of samples … aura of exactitude and finality, not worrying enough about the results than might obtain were other samples … of small sample sizes in that it is difficult to statistically identify moderate effects in small samples … interaction terms in statistical models and estimating these interaction terms require very large samples … Many of the a priori hypotheses had to be eliminated because there were insufficient samples to meet

17. Disposition of Comments Report for Serum Free Light Chain Analysis for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prognosis of Plasma-Cell Dyscrasias (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/plasma-cell-dyscrasias-sflc-assay_disposition-comments.pdf
    August 23, 2012 - If that is the case, then it should not be necessary to include only studies with all samples sent for … testing and exclude studies that start with diagnostic samples obtained from patients with a diagnosis … It is likely that studies using diagnostic samples will yield inflated estimates and Key Question 1 … Finally, BMT CTN 0702 will be prospectively collecting serum samples for light chain analysis along … recently independently reported that urine protein electrophoresis was inaccurate in 20% to 30% of samples

18. Clostridium difficile Infection Update | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/c-difficile-update/research-protocol
    December 23, 2014 - For example, one study isolated C. difficile spores from air samples in a UK hospital, 4 to 7 weeks … (PCR, LAMP) Tests of stool culture alone Tests to validate a technique in “known” or proven samples … Tests in which the reference standard is not applied to all samples Tests examining cost characteristics … cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCNA) or toxigenic culture as the reference standard applied to all samples … One can use RCT and controlled cohort data, but they generally have small samples and short followups

19. Research Protocol: Clostridium difficile Infection Update (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/c-difficile-update_research-protocol.pdf
    December 23, 2014 - For example, one study isolated C. difficile spores from air samples in a UK hospital, 4 to 7 weeks … Tests to validate a technique in “known” or proven samples. … Tests in which the reference standard is not applied to all samples. … cytotoxicity neutralization assay (CCNA) or toxigenic culture as the reference standard applied to all samples … One can use RCT and controlled cohort data, but they generally have small samples and short followups

20. Lower Limb Prostheses: Measurement Instruments, Comparison of Component Effects by Subgroups, and Long-Term Outcomes | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/prosthesis/research
    September 06, 2018 - Further high-quality research in representative samples of people with LLPs is needed to inform optimal