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161. Instrumental Variable Methods in Comparative Safety and Effectiveness Research | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/instrumental-variable-methods/research
     May 14, 2010 - First, standard IV estimators possess a finite sample bias which is inversely proportional to the F … Split-sample Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Return to Schooling. … Appendix Additional Issues Finite Sample Bias. … In small samples, IV estimators based on 2SLS possess substantial finite sample bias. … methods. 26 , 27 Finite sample bias is likely to be more of a problem in the presence of many weak

162. AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/pdf/epc-march-2023-grand-rounds-slides.pdf
     January 01, 2023 - 8 2 19 Pre/Post† 11 0 0 3 14 Total 19 25 12 28 84 Study Design Considerations con’t Study Sample … Sizes • Sample size requirements vary by study purpose (establishing superiority vs. … equivalence) • Sample size requirements vary by outcome measure, and baseline risk for the outcome … data • More common reason for low or insufficient rating • Precision • Often low due to inadequate sample … common: weaker study designs are common - Lack of control for confounders • Next most frequent: small sample

163. Tinnitus Executive (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/tinnitus_executive.pdf
     August 01, 2013 - Anxiety symptoms 136 Insufficient for LLLT A single study with high risk of bias and small sample … Depression symptoms 136 Insufficient for LLLT A single study with high risk of bias and small sample … Small sample sizes led to these studies being considered imprecise. … Sample sizes tended to be small (<100 persons), and power calculations were largely absent from the … • Enroll sample sizes large enough to evaluate confounders.

164. Version-3-Immunity-After-Covid-19-Appendix-Table-B-1 (xls file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/version-3-immunity-after-COVID-19-appendix-table-B-1.xlsx
     January 24, 2022 - Sample collection post-infection: T0: 2 months T1: 3 months T2: 5 months T3: 7 months T4: 8 months T5 … flourescent multiplex immunoassay In-house cytopathic effect-based microneutralization test FMIA: A sample … A sample was considered positive for N-IgG when N-IgG concentration was ≥0.58 BAU/ml. … Cross-sectional NA - serosurvey with one sample HCW Health care workers and first responders in New York … with documented past infection Two positive RT-PCR samples ≥90 days apart or a new RT-PCR positive sample

165. S123 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s123.pdf
     October 01, 2007 - Given this framework, suppose a researcher has data on treatment choice and survival for a sample of … Sample and Variable Definitions The data used in this study are more fully described elsewhere.25,26 … Our sample includes all patients with a diag- nosis of first-primary ESBC listed in the Iowa Cancer … Binary variables for the instruments were constructed based on percentiles across the sample. … RESULTS Table 1 compares the ESBC patients in our sample by surgical choice, the BCSI percentage in

166. genetic-testing-developmental-disabilities-protocol-140930 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/genetic-testing-developmental-disabilities_research-protocol.pdf
     September 30, 2014 - For example, some case series may not report the study sample size in the abstract; other studies (e.g … Screening for subtle chromosomal rearrangements in an Egyptian sample of children with unexplained … Linearity of tests is established by testing a dilution series of a positive sample. … stabilizer (where appropriate), cross-contamination during sample processing, inclusion of normal, … after adding a known amount of that analyte to the sample.

167. Draft-Appendix-Pbt-Rate-Of-Bias-Tables (xls file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/draft-appendix-pbt-rate-of-bias-tables.xlsx
     May 11, 2021 - ROB Cohort Studies Author, Year Did the Study Attempt to Enroll All (or a Random Sample of) Patients

168. DuBenske_Presentation_REVISED_FINAL (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/web-based_dubenske_presenter.pdf
     January 01, 2009 - Appropriate  sampling    Timing,  demographics,  experience  w/  proposed  technology   o Sample

169. Therapies for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders—Research Protocol Document | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/autism/research-protocol
     December 07, 2009 - While controlled trials seem to be increasing, much research is observational, generally with small sample … core symptoms Relevant outcomes must be able to be abstracted from data presented in the papers Sample … After reviewing a sample of relevant articles, the Methods and Content Leads will design the data collection … of publication, study location (e.g., country, city, state) and time period, population description, sample … will use established concepts of the quantity of evidence (e.g., numbers of studies, aggregate ending sample

170. Future Research Needs for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation in the Pediatric Population (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/stem-cell-children-future_research.pdf
     February 01, 2012 - fact that we are dealing with rare diseases and the associated difficulty in attaining appropriate sample … recruitment of sufficient number of practices willing to be randomized can be a constraint, so sample … List of recently published studies Research Gap Study Study Objective Research Design Sample Size … of recently published studies (continued) Research Gap Study Study Objective Research Design Sample … of recently published studies (continued) Research Gap Study Study Objective Research Design Sample

171. Layout 1 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/registries-guide_executive.pdf
     April 01, 2007 - effect, should one exist, or achieve a desired level of precision is specified, whether or not the sample … For example, a registry might compare a random sample of patient data (e.g. 5 percent to 20 percent … of patients and specific data variables) with patient charts or with a sample of registry sites based … • Rigor can be enhanced by external validation for a sample of data and/or data review by an adjudication … • For studies of safety, effectiveness, and comparative effectiveness, a sample of data are compared

172. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Update of the PTSD Repository Evidence Base (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/product/pdf/ptsd-3-draft-report.pdf
     January 12, 2022 - Most studies were conducted in the United States (61 percent) and had sample sizes ranging from 25 to … Summary of newly-included studies: study and sample characteristics ....................... 21 Table … Summary of newly-included studies: study and sample characteristics Author, Year Study Class Sample … Most studies (66 percent) had sample sizes between 25 and 99 participants (Figure 17). … Summary of newly-included studies: distribution of studies by sample size Figure 18.

173. An analytical framework for quantifying components of variability in prescriber decisions (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/instrumental-variable-methods_research.pdf
     April 01, 2010 - First, standard IV estimators possess a finite sample bias which is inversely proportional to the F … whether the instruments are sufficiently strong. 10 As discussed in the appendix, the finite sample … Split-sample Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Return to Schooling. … In small samples, IV estimators based on 2SLS possess substantial finite sample bias. … methods. 56,57 Finite sample bias is likely to be more of a problem in the presence of many weak

174. Hepatic-Fibrosis White-Paper (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/hepatic-fibrosis_white-paper.pdf
     April 01, 2014 - Sample of Letter Sent to Authors 1 Background Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis refer to scarring … 60). 9, 24-43 See Appendix A for a list of studies included in this report and Appendix B for a sample … measures of diagnostic accuracy were reported, but other necessary information was missing (e.g., sample … Sample of Letter Sent to Authors Dear Dr. _____________, We are researchers at the Pacific Northwest … Sample of Letter Sent to Authors

175. Topic Brief: Digital Health Applications for Mental Health (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/system/files/docs/topic-brief-digital-apps-mental-health.pdf
     October 29, 2020 - five American adults experienced mental illness.1 In 2020, 40.9 percent of a representative cohort sample … complied with their own stated methods, and comparison of compendia findings with independent review of a sample … significant disease burden; large proportion of the population In 2020, 40.9% of a representative cohort sample … In 2020, 40.9% of a representative cohort sample of adults in the US (adjusted for gender, employment

176. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis for Chronic Pain – Quarterly Progress Report 2 Tables (xls file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/plant-based-chronic-pain-review-q2-tables-g1-2.xlsx
     March 15, 2021 - Risk of bias of cannabis cohort studies Author, Year Did the Study Attempt to Enroll All (or a Random Sample

177. Plant-Based-Chronic-Pain-Review-Q3-Tables-G (xls file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/plant-based-chronic-pain-review-q3-tables-g.xlsx
     June 15, 2021 - Risk of bias of cannabis cohort studies Author, Year Did the Study Attempt to Enroll All (or a Random Sample

178. Identification of Future Research Needs in the Comparative Management of Uterine Fibroid Disease | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/uterine-fibroids-2010/research
     March 10, 2011 - profiles of patient populations with a uterine fibroid diagnosis, using data from the National Inpatient Sample … This representative sample of the U.S. population will provide detailed patient profiles of a large sample

179. Template for Draft Reports (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/osteoarthritis-knee-future_research.pdf
     February 01, 2013 - Large sample sizes and the identification, measurement, and appropriate adjustment for confounding … Recruitment that includes sufficient numbers of patients in select subgroups allows sample to better … A large sample will be required and follow-up should extend beyond treatment duration. … A large sample will be required and follow-up should extend beyond treatment duration. … A large sample will be required and follow-up should extend beyond treatment duration.

180. Medical Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder—An Update (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/asd-medical-executive-170505.pdf
     May 01, 2017 - were generally well conducted, evidence remains insufficient for most interventions due to small sample … In our scan of a random sample of 150 non-English abstracts retrieved by our MEDLINE search, only two … size that would have been excluded in our 2011 review (which required a sample size of 30) in the … Limitations of the Evidence Base As noted, studies in the review had small sample sizes and typically … Sample size and participant followup were frequently insufficient to allow firm conclusions.