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Showing results for "risk".

21. Assessing the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Interventions | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods
    March 01, 2022 - Risk-of-bias assessment is a central component of systematic reviews but little conclusive empirical … to framing the focus and scope of risk-of-bias assessment; selecting risk of bias categories; choosing … assessment instruments; and conducting, analyzing, and presenting results of risk-of-bias assessments … other constructs such as applicability and precision, and evaluating risk of bias per outcome. … Risk-of-bias assessment remains a challenging but essential step in systematic reviews.

22. The Effect of Protein Intake on Health: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/effect-protein-intake/research
    March 01, 2025 - on the association between dietary protein intake and bone disease, kidney disease, and sarcopenia risks … To assess chronic disease risk, studies used intermediate markers, including surrogate markers for bone … We assessed the risk of bias, performed a qualitative synthesis of studies rated as low to moderate risk … Thirteen of these, rated as low to moderate risk of bias, were included in our synthesis. … The evidence gathered since 2000 on associations between dietary protein intake and the risks of bone

23. The Effect of Dietary Digestible Carbohydrate Intake on Risk of Cardiovascular Disease | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/risk-cardiovascular-disease/protocol
    December 01, 2023 - , dietary carbohydrate index, carbohydrate-fiber ratio, etc.) may play a major role in altering the risks … Assessment of the Risk of Bias of Individual Studies We will evaluate the risk of bias of the included … of bias studies versus estimates derived from studies at low risk of bias. … unclear risk of bias studies and not rate down the SOE. … RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials.

24. Developing and Piloting a Tool To Create Dot Plots To Summarize Pooled Data for Multiple Outcomes in Systematic Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/product/pdf/dot-plots-methods.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - risk with 95 percent confidence intervals as well as the absolute rates in each arm. … risks) in the same format as the dot plots. … risk and 95 percent confidence interval. … and control groups along with the proportion of patients who experienced an outcome in each group, relative … risk; SOE = strength of evidence Figure 2.

25. Social and Structural Determinants of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: An Evidence Map | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/maternal-morbidity-mortality/research
    May 01, 2024 - factors, including biological/medical risk factors. … Rarely did studies report the excess risk attributable to a specific exposure. … postpartum periods to inform a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Identifying Risks … Risk of bias was high, and rarely did studies report the excess risk attributable to a specific exposure … Identifying risk factors pregnant and birthing people face is vitally important.

26. Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review Update | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/stroke-afib-update/research-2018
    May 01, 2020 - HAS-BLED has the best evidence to support prediction of bleeding risk. … Apixaban also has less risk for major bleeding and may also decrease all-cause mortality compared to … risk, and 117 relevant to interventions for preventing thromboembolic (TE) events. … the HAS-BLED score has the best evidence to predict bleeding risk (moderate SOE). … 150 mg) was superior to warfarin in preventing stroke (including hemorrhagic) or systemic embolism (relative

27. Routine Preoperative Testing: Comparative Effectiveness Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/preoperative-testing/research-protocol
    December 01, 2019 - ordering clinician based on an individualized assessment of the patient's medical history and perceived risks … We will use the Cochrane risk of bias tool, 11 which asks about risk of selection bias, performance … The specific analyses to be performed will depend on the available evidence, but it is expected that relative … risks or odds ratios of outcomes will be meta-analyzed. … or equivalence of interventions (e.g., the upper bound of the 95-percent confidence interval of the relative

28. The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/chronic-pain-opioid-treatment_executive.pdf
    September 19, 2014 - The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain Evidence-Based Practice … receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).34,35 For studies of interventions, we calculated relative … risks (RR) and associated 95 percent confidence intervals (CI) based on the information provided ( … The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid treatment of chronic pain. … The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain.

29. A Multicenter, Observational Cohort Study to Assess the Cardiovascular Risks of Medications Prescribed for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/adhd-medicines-risks/abstract
    December 01, 2019 - assignment will be designed to: 1) assess the relationship between use of medications for ADHD and the risk … and youth, aged 2-24 years; 2) assess the relationship between use of medications for ADHD and the risk … We will conduct two retrospective cohort studies of the use of medications for ADHD and the risk of serious … for a cohort of individuals, identifying important cardiovascular outcomes, and assessing the overall risk … https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/adhd-medicines-risks/abstract  

30. Disposition of Comments for Epoetin and Darbepoetin for Managing Anemia in Patients Undergoing Cancer Treatment (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cancer-anemia-update_disposition-comments.pdf
    April 25, 2013 - Is it appropriate to focus exclusively on relative risk here? … also be smaller even if relative risk exceeds that seen with a larger baseline risk. … Whether to employ a relative risk that is constant or one that varies with underlying absolute risk … Which two relative risk estimates are being compared? … Control arm mortality versus relative risk.

31. The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/chronic-pain-opioid-treatment/research
    December 01, 2019 - Home Evidence Reports The Effectiveness and Risks … SHARE: The Effectiveness and Risks … Estimates of diagnostic accuracy for the Opioid Risk Tool were extremely inconsistent and other risk … The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain. … Project Timeline The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain Dec

32. Methods-Balancing-Harms-Benefits Research-2012 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-balancing-harms-benefits_research-2012.pdf
    January 01, 2012 - difference and relative risk and is an information- preserving approach. … If reviewers only presented the relative risk, it would not be possible to obtain the risk difference … along with 39 relative risks. 9 Systematic reviewers should conduct the quantitative assessment … Additive Risk versus Additive Relative Risk Models. Epidemiology. 1993; 4:32- 6. 29. … Using alternative statistical formats for presenting risks and risk reductions.

33. For patients with Crohn's disease, what treatments or therapies, alone or in conjunction with one another, provide the highest rate of disease management with the lowest risk of long term complications, particularly in young women? | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/for-patients-with-crohns-disease-what-treatments-or-therapies-alone-or-in-conjunction-with-one-another-provide-the-highest-rate-of-disease-management-with-the-lowest-risk-of-long-term-complications-particularly-in-young-wome
    November 01, 2017 - or in conjunction with one another, provide the highest rate of disease management with the lowest risk … or in conjunction with one another, provide the highest rate of disease management with the lowest risk … Particularly, to better understand which treatment options should be used to reduce the risk of further … Describe any health-related risks, side effects, or harms that you are concerned about. … I have been advised that the greatest risks associated with Biologic treatment arise when one goes off

34. Quantitative Synthesis: Chapter 2. Presenting Different Effects for Different Data Types (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-presentation-quantitative-synthesis-chapter-2.pdf
    February 01, 2018 - individual trials considered in meta-analyses - More likely to be consistent even with differing baseline risks … interpretable than OR Odds Ratio (OR) - More likely to be consistent even with differing baseline risks … considered in meta-analyses - Not easily interpretable - Can be misleading when interpreted like relative … risks - Widespread use in meta-analyses may be because of convenience and history rather than an assessment … differ in baseline risk

35. Opioid Treatments for Chronic Pain | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/opioids-chronic-pain/research
    June 01, 2022 - Evidence on the effectiveness and harms of alternative opioid dosing strategies and the effects of risk … Opioids were associated with increased risk of discontinuation due to adverse events, gastrointestinal … Evidence was insufficient to evaluate benefits and harms of opioid therapy in patients at higher risk … Research is needed to develop accurate risk prediction instruments, determine effective risk mitigation … strategies, clarify risks associated with co-prescribed medications, and identify optimal opioid tapering

36. Making Healthcare Safer IV: Protocols for High-Risk Drugs: Reducing Adverse Drug Events Related to Anticoagulants | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/high-risk-drugs/protocol
    September 01, 2023 - Home Evidence Reports Making Healthcare Safer IV: Protocols for High-Risk … SHARE: Making Healthcare Safer IV: Protocols for High-Risk … The risk of bias assessments will focus on the main outcome of interest in each study. … The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised  trials. … ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of  interventions.

37. Assessing the Risk of Bias of Individual Studies in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Interventions | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-guidance-bias-individual-studies/methods
    October 01, 2019 - without presenting data on individual endpoints; 33 selective outcome reporting—for example, reporting relative … Other study designs have specific and inherent risks of biases that cannot be minimized. … observational studies into the review and (2) when evaluating individual studies for design-specific risks … In assessing the risk of bias of studies, EPCs should specify constructs and risks of bias specific to … The final domain, “other sources of bias,” includes design specific risks of bias, baseline imbalance

38. The Use of Conjoint Analysis to Elicit Patient Preferences in Selecting Treatment Endpoints (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/mcda-johnson.pdf
    August 27, 2012 - Serious Side-Effect Risks-- RISK OF BLEEDING ULCER 1 patient out of 100 (1%) will have a bleeding … Serious Side-Effect Risks-- RISK OF HEART ATTACK or STROKE 5 patients out of 100 (5%) will have a … Fracture Risk 5-year treatment – related risk of a renal failure 10.0 5.9 6.8 10.0 Lescrauwaet … Each set has a bar for: absolute risk and relative risk. There are no data points. … Each set has a bar for: absolute risk and relative riskThere is a dashed line labeled WHI Risk across

39. Evidence Summary: Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 238: Cervical Ripening (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-238-cervical-ripening-evidence-summary.pdf
    March 01, 2021 - Primary birth outcome: cesarean delivery Key Question Intervention Findingsa Studies Incidence Relative … . 40% RR 0.98 (0.80 to 1.22) CI = confidence interval; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RR = relative … Primary fetal harms outcomes Key Question Intervention Outcome Findingsa Studies Incidence Relative … difference; RR = relative risk a Difference of <1% = little or no difference; >1% to 3% = small difference … Primary maternal harms outcomes Key Question Intervention Outcome Findingsa Studies Incidence Relative

40. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/breast-cancer-medications_disposition-comments.pdf
    March 10, 2010 - Introduction Women need to understand what their own risks are of death as a result of breast cancer … for that subgroup, or difference in relative risk. … We agree, sorting out baseline risks from elevated relative risks is confusing. … We have included relative risk estimates for each subgroup in the text when they are calculated. … (older age) versus relative risk of treatment.