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461. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary23/diabetes-mellitus-type-2-in-adults-screening-2008
     June 15, 2008 - In addition, it is estimated that more than 54 million adults have prediabetes. … younger persons 35 , 47 , and screening obese persons was more cost-effective than mass screening … diabetes screening programs is considered to be mainly determined by the long-term health benefits rather … than the cost of detection and treatment of diabetes 154 . … Persons with T2DM seem to benefit from a lower BP target than persons without.

462. Evidence Summary: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary29/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening
     November 15, 2022 - An AUC less than 0.70 is thought to indicate inadequate discrimination. 33 , 34 Calibration, which is … Eighteen trials reported a mean baseline ESS score of less than 10, 40 , 43 , 46 , 66 , 73-75 , 78 , … In studies with a mean baseline ESS score of less than 10, the effect size was smaller and the pooled … guidelines focused generally on diagnostic testing (of adults with symptoms suggestive of disordered sleep) rather … than on screening (of asymptomatic persons with OSA or those with unrecognized symptoms of OSA).

463. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Xbtq4oDQwVo7KgmSjnnDbz
     November 01, 2021 - The analyses for test performance focused primarily on per-person (ie, by indi- vidual patient rather … All tests were 2-sided with a P value less than .05 indicating statistical significance. … Only 1 trial evaluated more than a single round of screening. … Likely reporting bias of serious harms other than perforation and bleeding. … Likely reporting bias of serious harms other than perforation.

464. Archived: Evidence Summary: Breast and Ovarian Cancer: BRCA Genetic Testing, September 2005 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/breast-and-ovarian-cancer-brca-testing-screening-2005
     September 15, 2005 - On the basis of pooled data from more than 100,000 women without breast cancer from 52 epidemiologic … sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 99%. 55 Overall, accuracy was better in studies of first-degree rather … than second-degree relatives. 54 Tools To Assess Risk for BRCA Mutations Tools to assess risk … Overall, more studies showed decreased 106-107 , 110-111 , 113 rather than increased 112 breast cancer … Screening women aged less than 50 years with a family history of breast cancer.

465. Archived: Evidence Summary: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/colorectal-cancer-screening-june-2016
     June 15, 2016 - The analyses for test performance focused primarily on per-person (ie, by individual patient rather than … All tests were 2-sided with a P value less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. … Only 1 trial evaluated more than a single round of screening. … Likely reporting bias of serious harms other than perforation and bleeding. … Likely reporting bias of serious harms other than perforation.

466. Screening for and Treatment of Suicide Risk Relevant to Primary Care: A Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/vxPM4Bo9RXZGUDH6MWnDht
     May 01, 2013 - Limitation: Treatment evidence was derived from high-risk rather than screening-detected populations. … It accounted for more than 1.4 million years of poten- tial life lost before age 85 years (3). … Psychotherapy did not show greater improvement than usual care for suicidal ideation (SMD, �0.10 [CI, … Among psychotherapy studies, we found no clear pre- dictors of effect size other than target age (adults … This trial reported suicide rates per 100 000 persons as its outcome, rather than following an identified

467. Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Updated Modeling Study for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/473PPVwoRhapCkN9SC-rue
     May 18, 2021 - of differ- ences in colorectal cancer incidence by race is access to screening and subsequent care, rather … than biological differences in natural history. … that there is strong evidence that Black adults have had lower rates of colorectal cancer screening than … Because the incidence of adenocarcinoma is increas- ing more slowly than that of carcinoid tumors of … The appropriateness of more intensive colonoscopy screening than recommended in Medicare beneficiaries

468. Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/boPWHmzrtxnkkPQAoCNENS
     September 18, 2018 - with higher dropout rates for adverse events in the medication groups than in the placebo groups. … intermediate out- comes (eg, continuous measures of blood pressure, cholesterol lev- els, glucose levels); rather … sizes) suggests that benefits are likely dependent on indi- vidual, social, and environmental factors rather … than specific inter- vention characteristics. … Are Asians at greater mortality risks for being overweight than Caucasians?

469. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1–5 Years: Update for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/r_MgZHrtyHRn7rZoCPS6MT
     February 01, 2011 - clinical outcomes re- mains limited and does not adequately address whether screening is more effective than … syndrome, myopia greater than �0.75 D, hyperopia�3.50 D, astigmatism �1.50 D, anisometropia�1.00 D, … amblyogenic factor; reduced visual acuity: worse than 20/50 (20/40) in 1 eye, worse than 20/40 (20/30 … The only randomized trial to date compared more intensive to less intensive screening rather than screening … Screen- ing for visual impairment in children younger than age 5 years.

470. Evidence Summary: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/breast-cancer-screening
     April 30, 2024 - With DBT, more invasive cancers were detected at the first screening round than with digital mammography … registries and studies of breast cancer generally infer gender based on physiology and medical history rather … than measuring self-reported gender. … Black women are at highest risk of breast cancer mortality, 52 with lower 5-year survival than all other … Continuation of annual screening mammography and breast cancer mortality in women older than 70 years

471. Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/speech-and-language-delay-and-disorders-in-children-age-5-and-younger-screening
     January 23, 2024 - aged 3 to 17 years have a communication disorder. 1 Boys are almost twice as likely to be affected than … A “delay” refers to development of speech and language in the correct sequence but at a slower rate than … with known conditions that affect speech or language development would be part of disease management rather … than screening; however, in the context of routine screening, some children who screen positive may … Why screening Canadian preschoolers for language delays is more difficult than it should be.

472. Evidence Summary: Perinatal Depression: Preventive Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/perinatal-depression-preventive-interventions
     February 12, 2019 - developed post hoc, and some trials were difficult to categorize and could possibly have fit into more than … maximum likelihood models with the Knapp-Hartung correction for small samples were used when fewer than … associated with omega-3 fatty acids, although reports of adverse events were collected spontaneously rather … than systematically through a validated instrument and adherence was by self-report. … b Studies may appear in more than 1 KQ. Return to Table of Contents Figure 3.

473. Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_nVeFxDCT9L-_cnDf_V3fK
     July 17, 2018 - for changes of 0.05 to 0.1, “small” for changes of 0.025 to 0.05, and “very small” for changes less than … Across all 3 nontraditional risk factors, less than half of studies reported a measure of calibration … models are not directly applicable to cur- rent practice because most are model development studies rather … b Two-category risk strata (Yeboah, 201638): 7.5% or greater, less than 7.5%. c Evidence from published … The IPD meta-analysis model development study (n = 72 574) used 10-year risk strata of less than 10%,

474. Primary Care Screening and Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/abTWXPvJyAMcqN9KcEt-vt
     September 06, 2016 - Isoniazid is associated with higher rates of hepatotoxicity than placebo or rifampin. … Studies in which more than 25% of the study population were younger than 18 years or were known to be … - tive regimens against the standard isoniazid regimen to reduce harms, improve adherence, or both, rather … than to assess efficacy. … Isoniazid is associated with higher rates of hepa- totoxicity than placebo or rifampin.

475. Bleeding Risks With Aspirin Use for Primary Prevention in Adults: A Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/j69Hq5ALvzg74e-ngkzSep
     April 01, 2016 - Harms other than serious bleeding were not examined. … aspirin use, increasing age (per decade) had a greater effect on major GI or extracranial bleeding than … associated with increased risk, with elevated BP more strongly associ- ated with hemorrhagic stroke than … Most bleeding cases (72.6%) involved daily, rather than less frequent, use of aspirin (33). … Control group trial participants had much lower average risks for bleeding than those from cohort studies

476. Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Z6Rfj-qwfoMbuLp-hBmhzS
     May 01, 2021 - An AUC less than 0.70 is thought to indicate in- adequate discrimination.33,34 Calibration, which is … Eighteen trials reported a mean baseline ESS score of less than 10,40, 43, 46, 66, 73-75, 78, 79, 85, … In studies with a mean baseline ESS score of less than 10, the effect size was smaller and the pooled … focused gener- ally on diagnostic testing (of adults with symptoms suggestive of dis- ordered sleep) rather … than on screening (of asymptomatic persons with OSA or those with unrecognized symptoms of OSA).

477. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions to Prevent Opioid Use Disorder: Current Research and Evidence Gaps (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/prevention-of-opioid-user-disorder-ehc-tech-brief.pdf
     May 14, 2021 - Key Informants must disclose any financial conflicts of interest greater than $10,000 and any other … prescribed; use for effects other than analgesia (e.g., euphoria, as a sleep aid, to manage anxiety … Opioid Epidemic: Includes more than 100 organizations across the United States working around four … this report, most of the ongoing research appears to focus on the misuse of prescription opioids, rather … than on prevention or risk reduction related to illicit opioid use.

478. Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/oPmYxryXGu2occANaReagc
     August 01, 2022 - Isoniazid was associated with higher rates of hepatotoxicity than placebo or rifampin. … Studies were excluded if more than 25% of the study population was younger than 18 years or known to … a I2 was not calculated when fewer than 4 studies were available. b Fewer than 3 studies were available … not enroll populations that were identified to have LTBI via screening in primary care set- tings; rather … Isoniazid was associated with higher rates of hepatotoxic- ity than placebo or rifampin.

479. Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/wBcZfBcVp8N3-cyT3Peysv
     April 01, 2016 - Ten trials reported RRs of 0.81 to 0.98, and 1 trial (24) reported an RR greater than 1. … be largely driven by a benefit in participants with diabetes (adjusted RR, 0.46 [CI, 0.25 to 0.85]) rather … than those without diabetes (adjusted RR, 0.87 [CI, 0.72 to 1.05]). … that of the average population or the base- line risk for CVD events is higher than that for the aver … This tool is derived from a more racially and ethnically di- verse, contemporary population than the

480. Archived: Evidence Summary: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary43/prostate-cancer-screening-2012
     October 07, 2011 - Benefits seemed to be limited to men younger than 65 years. … In subgroup analyses, benefits were restricted to men younger than 65 years of age (RR, 0.49 [CI, 0.31 … A fair-quality study from 1 center participating in the ERSPC trial reported better results than the … quality: fair Only 1 RCT High Prostate cancers in the RCT were primarily clinically detected rather … than screening-detected, and there was a high proportion of stage T2 cancers; limited information was