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1. Final Research Plan: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening-adults
   December 21, 2023 - What is the diagnostic accuracy of PSA-based screening using free PSA, PSA velocity, PSA density, and … screening (single-threshold total PSA, free PSA, use of age-specific PSA thresholds, PSA velocity, and … variable screening intervals) KQ 3: Free PSA, use of age-specific PSA thresholds, PSA velocity, and … PSA density KQ 4: Post-PSA, prebiopsy prostate cancer risk calculator to predict clinically important … screening and diagnostic workup; adding PSA density as a PSA-based screening approach; adding Gleason

2. Draft Research Plan: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening-adults
   October 12, 2023 - Abbreviation: PSA=prostate cancer–specific antigen. … What is the diagnostic accuracy of PSA-based screening using free PSA, PSA velocity, and use of age-specific … PSA thresholds for identification of prostate cancer? … screening (single-threshold total PSA, free PSA, use of age-specific PSA thresholds, PSA velocity, variable … screening intervals) KQ 3: Free PSA, use of age-specific PSA thresholds, and PSA velocity KQ 4:

3. Benefits and Harms of Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening for Prostate Cancer: An Evidence Update (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/NhXnjZM5ubvygH5GrqDZHC
   August 01, 2008 - determination of PSA density, PSA velocity, PSA doubling time, and percentage of free PSA (6–9). … Annual screening by PSA and DRE, 1988–1999; PSA cut-point �3.0 �g/L; positive screening result led to … level �15 �g/L, and PSA density �0.2 �g/L; mean age, 68.4 y PSA and DRE every 3 mo for first year, … level, 3.6 �g /L; PSA level �15 �g/L; Gleason score Not standardized, but consisted of periodic PSA … PSA velocity for assessing prostate cancer risk in men with PSA levels between 2.0 and 4.0 ng/ml.

4. Archived: Evidence Update: Prostate Cancer: Screening, 2008 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/article/prostate-cancer-screening-2008
   August 05, 2008 - sensitivity and specificity for prostate cancer include determination of PSA density, PSA velocity, PSA … doubling time, and percentage of free PSA. 6-9 Potential harms from PSA screening include additional … PSA velocity for assessing prostate cancer risk in men with PSA levels between 2.0 and 4.0 ng/ml. … Annual screening by PSA and DRE, 1988–1999; PSA cut-point >3.0 µg/L; positive screening result led to … level <15 µg/L, and PSA density <0.2 µg/L; mean age, 68.4 y PSA and DRE every 3 mo for first year,

5. Final Research Plan: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening
   April 28, 2016 - Key question 1 addresses the effectiveness of PSA-based screening in reducing mortality and morbidity … Key question 2 addresses the harms of PSA-based screening and diagnostic workup (i.e., biopsy). … What are the harms of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer and diagnostic followup? … Do the harms of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer and diagnostic followup vary by subpopulation … The magnitude of overdiagnosis of prostate cancer with PSA-based screening?

6. Archived: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prostate-cancer-screening-2012
   May 15, 2012 - Two major trials of PSA screening were considered by the USPSTF: the U.S. … Variations of PSA screening, including the use of age-adjusted PSA cutoffs, free PSA, and PSA density … It used a PSA cutoff of 4.0 μg/L. … threshold PSA level used to trigger a biopsy, and the interval between PSA tests. … Early diagnosis of prostate cancer through PSA testing saves lives.

7. Understanding Task Force Recommendations: Screening for Prostate Cancer (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/vE-aXbtxnsR_rzarYYyAEd
   May 01, 2012 - It concluded that the expected harms of PSA screening are greater than the potential benefit. … However, a high PSA level does not always mean that a man has prostate cancer. … PSA levels may be high in men with other types of prostate problems. … Your Decision About Screening How should you decide whether to have a PSA screening test? … Click Here to Learn More About Prostate Cancer and PSA Screening PSA Screening: Statistics at a

8. Is Prostate Cancer Screening Right for You? (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByToken/HV9RGq3wLyh6PyK4oxVtde
   May 01, 2018 - Risks for Men 55–69 The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening test is the most common method clinicians … The PSA test measures the amount of PSA, a type of protein, in the blood. … When a man has an elevated PSA level, it may be caused by prostate cancer, but it could also be caused … (C grade) Men Offered PSA-Based Screening 1,000 Of Get a Positive Result 240 which may indicate … the trial. ***1.3 deaths are avoided per 1,000 men offered PSA-based screening.

9. Is Prostate Cancer Screening Right for You? (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByID/3795
   May 01, 2018 - Risks for Men 55–69 The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening test is the most common method clinicians … The PSA test measures the amount of PSA, a type of protein, in the blood. … When a man has an elevated PSA level, it may be caused by prostate cancer, but it could also be caused … (C grade) Men Offered PSA-Based Screening 1,000 Of Get a Positive Result 240 which may indicate … the trial. ***1.3 deaths are avoided per 1,000 men offered PSA-based screening.

10. Screening for Prostate Cancer: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/vCzPVrVJfgFWfpWRdEHMKQ
    July 01, 2012 - depending on the PSA threshold and testing interval used (4). … Variations of PSA screening, including the use of age- adjusted PSA cutoffs; free PSA; and PSA density … It used a PSA cutoff of 4.0 �g/L. … PSA cutoff and frequency of screening. … threshold PSA level used to trigger a biopsy, and the interval between PSA tests.

11. Final Recommendation Statement: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/RecommendationStatementFinal/prostate-cancer-screening
    May 08, 2018 - Estimated Effects After 13 Years of Inviting Men Aged 55 to 69 Years in the United States to PSA-Based … USPSTF Assessment PSA-based screening for prostate cancer has both potential benefits and harms. … Overall, 34% of invited men received a valid PSA screening test. … The false-positive rate for the PSA test depends on the PSA threshold used. … trial and men in the usual care group received 3 PSA tests. 26 This high PSA testing rate in the control

12. Archived: How Did the USPSTF Arrive at This Recommendation?: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/how-did-the-uspstf-arrive-at-this-recommendation-/prostate-cancer-screening-2012
    May 11, 2012 - My doctor says I need a PSA screening test. Should I get one? … How should I decide whether to have a PSA screening test? … My doctor says I need a PSA screening test. Should I get one? … The Task Force found that PSA screening has important potential harms. … PSA screening did not become a widespread clinical practice until the mid-1990s.

13. Screening for Prostate Cancer: Clinical Summary of USPSTF Recommendation (2012) (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/JosR5xCYBoK6K9BTbsaQD3
    May 15, 2012 - RECOMMENDATION Population Adult males Recommendation Do not use prostate-specific antigen (PSA … Contemporary recommendations for prostate cancer screening all incorporate the measurement of serum PSA … There is convincing evidence that PSA-based screening programs result in the detection of many cases … prostate cancer, and that a substantial percentage of men who have asymptomatic cancer detected by PSA … The benefits of PSA-based screening for prostate cancer do not outweigh the harms.

14. Archived: Prostate Cancer: Screening, 2002 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prostate-cancer-screening-2002
    December 01, 2002 - detected 26 percent more cancers than PSA alone. 7 However, combining DRE and PSA also increases the … Sensitivity and specificity of PSA screening depend on the value used to define an abnormal PSA result … These include PSA density (the ratio of the PSA level to the volume of the prostate as measured by trans‐rectal … ultrasound (TRUS), PSA velocity (the rate at which the PSA increases over time), age‐ and race‐adjusted … reference ranges, and percentage of free PSA (the proportion of total PSA that is not bound to serum

15. Archived: Prostate Cancer: Screening, 2008 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prostate-cancer-screening-2008
    August 05, 2008 - The conventional PSA test cut-point of 4.0 μg/L misses some early cancer. … Variations of PSA screening have not yet been demonstrated to improve health outcomes. … age-adjusted PSA cut-points, free PSA, PSA density, PSA velocity, PSA slope, and PSA doubling time, have … over time (for example, measurements of PSA velocity, PSA slope, or PSA doubling time). … Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) best practice policy.

16. Recommendation: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prostate-cancer-screening
    May 08, 2018 - 69 years For men aged 55 to 69 years, the decision to undergo periodic prostate-specific antigen (PSA … C Men 70 years and older The USPSTF recommends against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer … Overall, 34% of invited men received a valid PSA screening test. … The false-positive rate for the PSA test depends on the PSA threshold used. … trial and men in the usual care group received 3 PSA tests. 26 This high PSA testing rate in the control

17. Screening for Prostate Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/zYdjLaTCTBVUwgJTnzpVXr
    May 08, 2018 - EVIDENCE REVIEW The USPSTF reviewed the evidence on the benefits and harms of PSA-based screening for … The reviews also examined the benefits and harms of PSA-based screening in patient subpopulations at … Overall, 34% of invited men received a valid PSA screening test. … The false-positive rate for the PSA test depends on the PSA threshold used. … trial and men in the usual care group received 3 PSA tests.26 This high PSA testing rate in the control

18. Overview of Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/vTHBrY6VuqjoouJvUmtkr4
    May 01, 2018 - Lowering the age to stop screening, lengthening the intervals between PSA testing, and raising the PSA … Unlike the MISCAN-PRO or SCANS models, the PSAPC model models PSA growth (i.e., generates a PSA level … Updated screening patterns indicate that fewer AA men received PSA testing (at least one PSA test) in … > 4.0 µg/L or PSA velocity >0.35 µg/L per year †Annual (quinquennial if age <50 and PSA <1 µg/L) ‡ … PSA >2.5 µg/L or PSA velocity >0.35 µg/L per year §Annual (biennial if PSA <2.5 µg/L) ║Bienniel (quinquennial

19. Overview of Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/16813/prostate-cancer-models-overview/pdf
    May 01, 2018 - Lowering the age to stop screening, lengthening the intervals between PSA testing, and raising the PSA … Unlike the MISCAN-PRO or SCANS models, the PSAPC model models PSA growth (i.e., generates a PSA level … Updated screening patterns indicate that fewer AA men received PSA testing (at least one PSA test) in … > 4.0 µg/L or PSA velocity >0.35 µg/L per year †Annual (quinquennial if age <50 and PSA <1 µg/L) ‡ … PSA >2.5 µg/L or PSA velocity >0.35 µg/L per year §Annual (biennial if PSA <2.5 µg/L) ║Bienniel (quinquennial

20. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/KT7vaWK_JSDNNvEmUAjN8d
    May 01, 2018 - Modeling studies suggest that raising the PSA threshold, lengthening the interval of screening, and … PSA screening is superimposed to estimate lead time. … at diagnosis) Generates PSA level per individual at each screen, PSA >4 μg/L at screen referred … (1) increases w ith age w ithin category of Gleason score and PSA. … <1 µg/L) ‡PSA >2.5 µg/L or PSA velocity >0.35 µg/L per year Abbreviations: PSAPC = Prostate-Specific