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41. Cannabis-2023-Surv-Rep-4-Table-E-5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-2023-surv-rep-4-table-E-5.xlsx
    January 01, 2023 - B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … analgesics as an add-on treatment Mean (SD) A: 6.2 (2.4) sprays/day (16.74 mg THC/15.5 mg CBD) B: MME … B Mean number of background pain medications use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.02 (SD 0.14) … vs. 0.07 (SD 0.27) Strong opioid analgesics: 0.22 (SD 0.59) vs. 0.21 (SD 0.60) Mean rescue pain medication … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

42. EHC Protocol: Making Healthcare Safer IV: Opioid Stewardship (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/mhs4-opioid-stewardship-protocol.pdf
    July 01, 2023 - What patient safety measures or indicators have been used to examine the harms associated with opioids … practices that have been used to prevent or mitigate the harms associated with prescribed or ordered opioids … However, opioids also carry well known risks, including for overdose, misuse, and opioid use disorder … The updated CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain provides guidelines for … CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain - United States, 2022.

43. Cannabis-2022-Surv-Rep-4-Table-F5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-2022-surv-rep-4-table-F5.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … analgesics as an add-on treatment Mean (SD) A: 6.2 (2.4) sprays/day (16.74 mg THC/15.5 mg CBD) B: MME … B Mean number of background pain medications use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.02 (SD 0.14) … vs. 0.07 (SD 0.27) Strong opioid analgesics: 0.22 (SD 0.59) vs. 0.21 (SD 0.60) Mean rescue pain medication … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

44. Pharmacologic Management of Acute Pain by EMS in the Prehospital Setting Protocol Amendment (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/acute-pain-ems-protocol-amendment.pdf
    January 28, 2019 - Non-opioid analgesics, including ketamine, nitrous oxide/oxygen, acetaminophen, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory … Review This systematic review will assess the comparative effectiveness and harms of opioid and non-opioid … analgesics for the prehospital management of acute pain to support a revision of the current guidelines … Interventions: • KQ 1-4: o Opioids (morphine, fentanyl) or non-opioids (ketamine, nitrous oxide … We will present other comparisons (non-opioids to non-opioids or opioids to opioids) as supplemental

45. Management of Suspected Opioid Overdose with Naloxone Guidelines by Emergency Medical Services Personnel | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/emt-naloxon/research-protocol
    November 30, 2016 - Objectives for the Systematic Review Abuse and overdoses associated with prescription and illicit opioids … In 2014, the number of drug overdose deaths involving prescription or illicit opioids exceeded 28,000 … upon re-exposure), use of illicit opioids, higher doses of opioids, obtaining opioids from multiple … synthetic opioids]); and study setting (e.g., field versus clinical setting). … Drug-poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics: United States, 1999–2011. NCHS Data Brief 166.

46. CER 220: Disposition of Comments Report for Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesics To Reduce Acute Pain in the Prehospital Setting (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-220-disposition-comments-analgesics-prehospital-setting.pdf
    September 03, 2019 - Prioritized comparisons were opioids vs. ketamine, opioids plus ketamine vs. opioids, opioids vs. … APAP, opioids vs. nitrous oxide and opioids vs. … RCT and 12 observational studies to assess the comparative effectiveness and harms of opioid vs non-opioid … analgesics administered in emergency department settings. … Perhaps oral opioid analgesics vs oral acetaminophen or oral NSAIDs may have a different comparative

47. Draft-Living-Review-Plant-Chronic-Pain-E-Cohort-Studies (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/draft-living-review-plant-chronic-pain-e-cohort-studies.xlsx
    March 25, 2024 - B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … analgesics as an add-on treatment Mean (SD) A: 6.2 (2.4) sprays/day (16.74 mg THC/15.5 mg CBD) B: MME … B Mean number of background pain medications use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.02 (SD 0.14) … vs. 0.07 (SD 0.27) Strong opioid analgesics: 0.22 (SD 0.59) vs. 0.21 (SD 0.60) Mean rescue pain medication … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

48. Seniors' Health | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/seniors-health
    March 03, 2016 - Research Protocol Archived March 3, 2016 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Opioids

49. Disposition of Comments: Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 232_Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-232-breathlessness-cancer-comments.pdf
    November 19, 2020 - Some were using opioids for treatment (e.g. … of opioids on dyspnea. … Opioids are similar enough pharmacologically that we have combined the different types of opioids together … “high dose and low dose opioids”. … the use of opioids, and in particular systemic opioids in the relief of dyspnea in cancer patients

50. Evidence Summary Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 250: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-250-cannabis-other-plant-based-treatments-evidence-summary.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - adverse effects,7 and the 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Prescribing Opioids … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain– United States, 2016. … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016. … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. … Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.

51. Evidence Summary Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 250: Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-other-plant-based-treatments-evidence-summary_0.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - adverse effects,7 and the 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Prescribing Opioids … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain– United States, 2016. … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016. … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. … Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.

52. Topic-Brief3-Sud (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/topic-brief3-SUD.pdf
    April 01, 2021 - analgesics.30 In patients on higher doses of buprenorphine, continuing the buprenorphine but decreasing … studies40,41 in the review reported that patients taking buprenorphine were effectively treated for pain with opioid … analgesics while continuing buprenorphine … Use and misuse of opioids in chronic pain. … Opioid analgesics play an essential role in treating pain, and pain management in the context of the

53. Topic-Brief3-Sud (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/topic-brief3-SUD.pdf
    April 01, 2021 - analgesics.30 In patients on higher doses of buprenorphine, continuing the buprenorphine but decreasing … studies40,41 in the review reported that patients taking buprenorphine were effectively treated for pain with opioid … analgesics while continuing buprenorphine … Use and misuse of opioids in chronic pain. … Opioid analgesics play an essential role in treating pain, and pain management in the context of the

54. Disposition of Comments Report for The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/chronic-pain-opioid-treatment_disposition-comments.pdf
    September 29, 2014 - As noted in the Methods, we excluded patients receiving opioids at end of life. … and did not receive opioids. … Same question for opioids and fractures (I assume mediated through falls)? … High-risk use by patients prescribed opioids for pain and its role in overdose deaths. … But, promoting a culture of fear of opioids could result in much more suffering.

55. Evidence Summary_Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 250_Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2022 Update (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-evidence-summary-2022-update_0.pdf
    January 01, 2022 - adverse effects,9 and the 2016 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Prescribing Opioids … CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain– United States, 2016. … CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain - United States, 2016. … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. … Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.

56. Management of suspected opioid overdose with Naloxone by Emergency Medical Services personnel (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/emt-naloxon_research-protocol.pdf
    November 29, 2016 - Health and Human Services as a national crisis.1 Since 2000, the rate of overdose deaths involving opioids … In 2014, the number of drug overdose deaths involving prescription or illicit opioids exceeded 28,000 … upon re-exposure), use of illicit opioids, higher doses of opioids, obtaining opioids from multiple … synthetic opioids]); and study setting (e.g., field versus clinical setting). … Drug-poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics: United States, 1999–2011. NCHS Data Brief 166.

57. Effective Health Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND_0108_05-24-2009.pdf
    January 01, 2009 - Several consensus statements, clinical guidelines, and evidence reviews caution against the use of opioids … However, opioids are used in more than half of all migraine visits to the emergency department in the … factors, including patient familiarity with the medications, history of successful treatment with opioids

58. Noninvasive Treatments for Low Back Pain: A Summary of the Research for Adults (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/back-pain-treatment_consumer.pdf
    November 01, 2016 - Opioids Examples include tramadol, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, and oxycodone ��A type of … ��Other opioids help a little to reduce pain in the short term (up to 4 months). … ��Opioids can cause life-threatening breathing problems. … ��Taking opioids while pregnant may cause the unborn baby to have a condition called neonatal opioid … ��Some opioids can cause seizures.

59. Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/plant-based-chronic-pain-treatment/protocol
    November 03, 2020 - From 1999 to 2014, over 165,000 people died from overdose related to prescription opioids in the United … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain– United States, 2016. … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016. … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. … Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.

60. Living Systematic Review on Plant-Based Treatment for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/plant-based-treatments-revised-protocol.pdf
    March 29, 2023 - From 1999 to 2014, over 165,000 people died from overdose related to prescription opioids in the United … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain– United States, 2016. … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016. … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. … Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.