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21. Treatments for Acute Pain | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/treatments-acute-pain/research
    December 29, 2020 - Main Points Opioids are probably less effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) … Opioids might be and NSAIDs are probably more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental pain, … but opioids are probably less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain. … Opioids and NSAIDs were more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental pain, but opioids were … For postoperative pain, opioids were associated with increased likelihood of repeat or rescue analgesic

22. Topic-Brief2-Opioid-Withdrawal (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/topic-brief2-opioid-withdrawal.pdf
    April 01, 2021 - analgesics, including when to consider tapering, important considerations and steps prior to tapering … Analgesics. … HHS Guide for Clinicians on the Appropriate Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-Term Opioid … Analgesics. 2019 Oct:1-5. 5. … Opioid analgesics play an essential role in treating pain, and pain management in the context of the

23. Topic-Brief2-Opioid-Withdrawal (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/topic-brief2-opioid-withdrawal.pdf
    April 01, 2021 - analgesics, including when to consider tapering, important considerations and steps prior to tapering … Analgesics. … HHS Guide for Clinicians on the Appropriate Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-Term Opioid … Analgesics. 2019 Oct:1-5. 5. … Opioid analgesics play an essential role in treating pain, and pain management in the context of the

24. Cannabis-Annual-Update2-Table-E5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-annual-update2-table-e5.xlsx
    March 13, 2023 - B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … analgesics as an add-on treatment Mean (SD) A: 6.2 (2.4) sprays/day (16.74 mg THC/15.5 mg CBD) B: MME … B Mean number of background pain medications use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.02 (SD 0.14) … vs. 0.07 (SD 0.27) Strong opioid analgesics: 0.22 (SD 0.59) vs. 0.21 (SD 0.60) Mean rescue pain medication … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

25. CER 220 Evidence Summary: Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesics To Reduce Acute Pain in the Prehospital Setting (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-220-analgesics-acute-pain-summary.pdf
    September 01, 2019 - versus ketamine, opioids versus APAP, opioids versus nitrous oxide, opioids versus NSAIDs, combination … Ketamine Opioid+Ketamine Versus Opioid Opioids Versus APAP Opioids Versus Nitrous Oxide Opioids … PO: 1 4 Characteristic Opioids Versus Ketamine Opioid+Ketamine Versus Opioid Opioids Versus … APAP Opioids Versus Nitrous Oxide Opioids Versus NSAIDs Specific drugs (N studies) Morphine: … Combining opioids and ketamine may be more effective than opioids alone, administered primarily IV.

26. Cannabis-2022-Update-Surv-Rep-1-App-F-5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-2022-update-surv-rep-1-app-F-5.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … analgesics as an add-on treatment Mean (SD) A: 6.2 (2.4) sprays/day (16.74 mg THC/15.5 mg CBD) B: MME … B Mean number of background pain medications use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.02 (SD 0.14) … vs. 0.07 (SD 0.27) Strong opioid analgesics: 0.22 (SD 0.59) vs. 0.21 (SD 0.60) Mean rescue pain medication … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

27. Cannabis-2022-Surv-Rep-3-Table-F5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-2022-surv-rep-3-table-F5.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … analgesics as an add-on treatment Mean (SD) A: 6.2 (2.4) sprays/day (16.74 mg THC/15.5 mg CBD) B: MME … B Mean number of background pain medications use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.02 (SD 0.14) … vs. 0.07 (SD 0.27) Strong opioid analgesics: 0.22 (SD 0.59) vs. 0.21 (SD 0.60) Mean rescue pain medication … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

28. Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/treatments-acute-pain/protocol
    January 02, 2020 - Opioid prescribing quadrupled from 1999 to 2010; concurrently, the number of opioid analgesics deaths … Any systemic opioid, including agonists, partial agonists, and mixed mechanism opioids. f. … Opioid analgesics—risky drugs, not risky patients. … CDC Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain--United States, 2016. … Prescription opioid analgesics commonly unused after surgery: a systematic review.

29. Evidence Summary for Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-240-acute-pain-evidence-summary.pdf
    December 01, 2020 - • Opioids might be and NSAIDs are probably more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental … pain, but opioids are probably less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain … Observational studies on the association between being prescribed opioids for acute pain versus no opioids … Other musculoskeletal pain (30 trials): Evidence on opioids versus NSAIDs was insufficient. … Opioids and NSAIDs were more effective than acetaminophen for pain for surgical dental pain, but opioids

30. Disposition of Comments for Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 240: Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-240-acute-pain-revised-comments.pdf
    December 29, 2020 - Findings regarding opioids are based on published studies evaluating opioids. … contradict the top level key findings of the report with respect to comparative effectiveness of opioid … analgesics versus NSAIDS or other non-opioid treatments. … Studies ask the question “are opioids or non-opioids more effective in a single dose,” but that isn … opioids versus NSAIDs.

31. Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/dyspnea-advanced-cancer/report
    November 19, 2020 - Opioids were not more effective than placebo or anxiolytics for improving breathlessness or exercise … Studies on opioids showed no differences in effectiveness between different doses or routes of administration … Different doses or routes of administration of opioids did not differ in effectiveness for breathlessness … Opioids, bilevel ventilation, and activity/rehabilitation interventions had some harms compared to usual … More research is needed on when the benefits of opioids may exceed harms for broader, longer term outcomes

32. Opioid Abuse and Addiction | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/opioid-abuse-and-addiction
    February 12, 2019 - Rapid Evidence Product August 21, 2020 Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Opioids

33. Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-protocol-acute-pain-treatments.pdf
    August 08, 2019 - Opioid prescribing quadrupled from 1999 to 2010; concurrently, the number of opioid analgesics deaths … Opioid analgesics—risky drugs, not risky patients. … CDC Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain--United States, 2016. … Prescription opioid analgesics commonly unused after surgery: a systematic review. … https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/opioids-chronic-pain/protocol.

34. Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/migraine-treatments/research
    December 29, 2020 - Only a small number of studies have evaluated opioids. … Some opioids may reduce pain of episodic migraine. … Some opioids may be less effective than other drugs. … Opioids were evaluated in 15 studies (2,208 patients). … Some opioids may be less effective than some antiemetics or dexamethasone (low SOE).

35. Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: Evidence Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/dyspnea-advanced-cancer-summary-1.pdf
    November 01, 2020 - • Opioids were not more effective than placebo or anxiolytics for improving breathlessness or exercise … • Opioids had higher rates of constipation compared with steroids. … Although none of the evidence supported the effectiveness of opioids for breathlessness, all but one … Opioids and anxiolytics were not effective, although studies were limited, and few studies evaluated … Well-designed studies are needed to determine when opioids may be effective in various advanced cancer

36. AHRQ Evidence-Based Practice Center (EPC) Program Research Gaps Summary: Pain Management (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/gaps-pain-management.pdf
    January 01, 2023 - • Only a small number of studies have evaluated opioids. … Some opioids may reduce pain of episodic migraine. … Some opioids may be less effective than other drugs. … • Ketamine may provide similar pain relief to opioids. …  Ketamine may provide similar pain relief to opioids.

37. Pharmacologic Management of Acute Pain by EMS in the Prehospital Setting | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/acute-pain-ems/protocol
    October 30, 2018 - Non-opioid analgesics, including ketamine, nitrous oxide/oxygen, acetaminophen, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory … Review This systematic review will assess the comparative effectiveness and harms of opioid and non-opioid … analgesics for the prehospital management of acute pain to support a revision of the current guidelines … Interventions: KQ 1-4: Opioids (morphine, fentanyl) or non-opioids (ketamine, nitrous oxide/oxygen … We will present other comparisons (non-opioids to non-opioids or opioids to opioids) as supplemental

38. Evidence Summary for CER 239: Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-239-acute-migraine-evidence-summary.pdf
    December 01, 2020 - • Only a small number of studies have evaluated opioids. … Some opioids may reduce pain of episodic migraine. … Some opioids may be less effective than other drugs. … opioid use disorder or overdose, or evaluate risk mitigation strategies to be used when prescribing opioids … When this is viewed in the context of how widely opioids are prescribed for migraine management, it

39. Systematic Review of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Postoperative Pain Management (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/peripheral-nerve-block-key-questions.pdf
    May 09, 2019 - Strategies may include opioid or non-opioid analgesics (e.g., NSAIDs, acetaminophen), regional anesthesia … However, opioids remain the mainstay in postoperative pain management, especially in the US. … 16 While multiple guidelines include moderate to strong recommendations for how to incorporate non-opioid … analgesics in perioperative multimodal analgesia,11,17-20 there are no comparable, recent clinical … CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain - United States, 2022.

40. AHRQ Views Blog Postings Highlighted EPC Program in 2018 | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/news/ahrq-views-blog-highlights-epc-programs
    Managing pain with opioids and non-opioids: AHRQ Intensifies the Battle Against Opioid Misuse in 2017 … highlights two evidence reports that address the effectiveness of chronic pain management, one on opioids