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61. Comparative Effectiveness of Pain Management Interventions fo Hip Fracture (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/hip-fracture-pain.ppt
    May 01, 2011 - Systemic opioid analgesics present complications that include alterations in mental status, nausea and … All interventions were examined in the context of usual care for pain (e.g., NSAIDs and opioids). … 11-EHC022-EF http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/hippain.cfm Systemic Analgesia Both narcotic (opioids … For all other comparisons of doses, modes of administration, and the addition of opioids to the injection … For all other comparisons of doses, modes of administration, and the addition of opioids to the injection

62. Comparative Effectiveness of Pain Management Interventions fo Hip Fracture (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/hip-fracture-pain.ppt
    May 01, 2011 - Systemic opioid analgesics present complications that include alterations in mental status, nausea and … All interventions were examined in the context of usual care for pain (e.g., NSAIDs and opioids). … 11-EHC022-EF http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/hippain.cfm Systemic Analgesia Both narcotic (opioids … For all other comparisons of doses, modes of administration, and the addition of opioids to the injection … For all other comparisons of doses, modes of administration, and the addition of opioids to the injection

63. Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/nonopioid-pharm-chronic-pain-protocol.pdf
    February 01, 2019 - The most common forms of pharmacologic treatment for pain include opioids, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory … Nationally, a concern regarding appropriate use, misuse, and diversion of opioids for treatment of chronic … The 2016 CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain recommends that nonopioid therapy is … Concerns regarding the use of opioids for management of chronic pain are outlined in both the IOM report … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016.

64. Cer-250-Cannabis-Table-E5-2022-Update 0 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-table-e5-2022-update_0.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - discontinuation 49.3% (2650/5373) vs. 72.3% (3887/5373) p<0.001 Estimates of the odds ratio to cease opioids … B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … Between-cohort differences in stopping of mild opioids: 82.4% vs. 27.3%, p<0.001 Between-cohort differences … in stopping of strong opioids: 75.9% vs. 46.4%, p<0.001 Discontinuation of all rescue analgesics: 75.6%

65. Disposition of Comments Report for Acute Migraine Treatment in Emergency Settings (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/migraine-emergency_disposition-comments.pdf
    November 27, 2012 - Opioids do not ‘cause ‘ relapse; rather they are associated with a higher risk of relapse. … For example, the routes of administration of opioids DHE not always clear in the text. … We summarize the results for opioids in the discussion section. … that opioids were compared with various other agents including other opioids. … The specific opioids are listed in the table.

66. Disposition of Comments: CER 227 Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-227-noninvasive-nonpharm-chronic-pain-comments.pdf
    April 16, 2020 - Patients are usually presented with a single copay for a month’s supply of opioids versus a copay for … No RCTs that compared such interventions to opioids were identified. … There are two concurrent reviews, one on opioids and the other on non-opioid pharmacologic treatments … Given that studies did not directly compare the nonpharmacologic interventios to opioids, extensive … Our concurrent reviews on opioids and nonopioid pharmacologic treatments address the effectiveness

67. Management of Suspected Opioid Overdose With Naloxone by Emergency Medical Services Personnel - Executive Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-193-naloxone-executive-summary.pdf
    November 01, 2017 - and Burden of Opioid Overdose Addiction and overdoses associated with prescription and illicit opioids … Health and Human Services as a national crisis.1 Since 2000, the rate of overdose deaths involving opioids … deaths are now the leading cause of injury-related death in the United States.4 Overdoses due to opioids … In 2015, the number of drug overdose deaths involving prescription or illicit opioids exceeded 33,000 … Drug-poisoning deaths involving opioid analgesics: United States, 1999-2011. NCHS Data Brief 166.

68. Systematic Review on Treatments for Acute Pain: Surveillance Report 2 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/main-apps-surv-report-2-acute-pain.pdf
    May 01, 2022 - Preoperative education included information on the opioid epidemic, risks of opioids, safe use of opioids … pain, but opioids were less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain. … Transdermal patches, topical opioids f. … Can we eliminate opioids after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? … Opioid analgesics and persistent pain after an acute pain emergency department visit: evidence from

69. Systematic Review on Treatments for Acute Pain: Surveillance Report 3 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/main-apps-surv-report-3-acute-pain.pdf
    June 01, 2022 - pain, but opioids were less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain. … Transdermal patches, topical opioids f. … An anti- inflammatory bundle may help avoid opioids for low-risk outpatient procedures. … Can we eliminate opioids after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? … Opioid analgesics and persistent pain after an acute pain emergency department visit: evidence from

70. Topic 0552 Low Back Pain NSD FINAL SJ (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND-0651-131114.pdf
    June 20, 2013 - routine imaging, self-care, education, pharmacological therapies (e.g., NSAIDs, acetaminophen, opioids … (Including NSAIDs, acetaminophen, opioids, antiseizure medications, antidepressants, corticosteroids

71. Disposition of Comments for Technical Brief 28 MAT Models (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/opioid-use-disorder_disposition-comments.pdf
    December 06, 2016 - to take on the vexing question of what to do with patients on chronically high and unsafe doses of opioid … analgesics, who nonetheless do NOT meet strict criteria for an opioid use disorder, for example because … , reduce the craving for opioids. … /atod/opioids) also refers to abuse and misuse of opioids, so we kept the term abuse here; however, … Kids being treated with opioid analgesics, and their risks for misuse and addiction, especially given

72. #14 SUBSTANCE ABUSE (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/substance-abuse-horizon-scan-high-impact-1406.pdf
    January 01, 2020 - that emerged as having high-impact potential address opioid overdose (both prescription and illicit opioids … to relatively inexpensive illicit opioid drugs, such as heroin, and increased use of prescription opioids … for reversing opioid overdose, fatal opioid overdoses—especially heroin and illicit prescription opioids … for pain management and illegal use of prescription opioids have contributed to nationwide increases … patients may be slow to adopt this intervention because it would indirectly broadcast their use of opioids

73. AHRQ Slide Template 2019-Widescreen
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/pdf/mhs-IV-epc-grand-rounds-slides.pptx
    January 01, 2023 - Practice Center Opioid Stewardship Can be defined as “rational prescribing, use and deprescribing of opioids … Less likely to be treated with opioids in NRCT Clinical Outcomes: NRCT with no change in pain, 1 RCT … RCT with intervention group more likely to be satisfied with pain management Two RCTs with reduced opioids … Improving Opioid Management in Primary Care AHRQ’s Clinical Decision Support (CDC) Connect Artifacts on Opioids … ’ Opioid Taskforce Playbook Society for Hospital Medicine’s Reducing Adverse Drug Events Related to Opioids

74. Disposition of comments for CER 169 Low Back Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/back-pain-treatment_disposition-comments.pdf
    February 29, 2016 - Opioids: insufficient mention of harms related to long-term risks. … The Furlan systematic review was not included since it evaluated opioids for any chronic pain. … The long- term harms of opioids are extremely serious. … Opioid analgesics such as oxycodone hydrocodone and methadone were involved in about 3 of every 4 … pharmaceutical overdose deaths 16651 confirming the predominant role opioid analgesics play in drug

75. medication-assisted-treatment-protocol-160224 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/opioid-use-disorder_research-protocol.pdf
    February 24, 2016 - Department of Health & Human Services as a national crisis.1 OUD involves misuse or abuse of prescription opioids … .15 The purpose of the medication component is to block the euphoric and sedating effects of other opioids … , reduce the craving for other opioids, and/or mitigate the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. … Trends in use of opioids for non-cancer pain conditions 2000-2005 in commercial and Medicaid insurance … America’s Addiction to Opioids: Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse.

76. Disposition of Comments: Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Postoperative Pain Management in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/peripheral-nerve-blocks-disposition-comments.pdf
    August 15, 2025 - We have added a few sentences identifying the aim of minimizing opioids. … Both studies reported total opioids at 24 hours. … The reduction of opioids measures the differences in pain response; they reduce the chance of addiction … How will the PNB therapy be utilized in comparison to use of opioids. … a comparative effectiveness review of other modalities or aim to define the appropriate amount of opioids

77. App-E-Surv-Report-2-Acute-Pain (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-e-surv-report-2-acute-pain.xlsx
    October 08, 2025 - B Opioid use (mean [SD] tablets): 6.33 (7.1) vs. 5.69 (5.8), p=0.24 Consumed opioids postoperatively: … (1.90) vs. 1.84 (1.29) day 1, p=0.01; 3.14 (2.12) vs. 3.29 (2.14) day 7, p=0.17 NR NR Escalated to opioids … B Days taking opioids (mean [range]): 3 (1-5) vs. 5 (2-8), p<0.001 Total morphine equivalents (mean [ … thyroid and parathyroid surgery Postoperative opt-in narcotics treatment vs. usual care A: Preoperative opioids … education (postoperative opt-in narcotics treatment, with opioids given only at patient request) B:

78. App-E-Surv-Report-3-Acute-Pain (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-e-surv-report-3-acute-pain.xlsx
    October 08, 2025 - B Opioid use (mean [SD] tablets): 6.33 (7.1) vs. 5.69 (5.8), p=0.24 Consumed opioids postoperatively: … (1.90) vs. 1.84 (1.29) day 1, p=0.01; 3.14 (2.12) vs. 3.29 (2.14) day 7, p=0.17 NR NR Escalated to opioids … B Days taking opioids (mean [range]): 3 (1-5) vs. 5 (2-8), p<0.001 Total morphine equivalents (mean [ … thyroid and parathyroid surgery Postoperative opt-in narcotics treatment vs. usual care A: Preoperative opioids … education (postoperative opt-in narcotics treatment, with opioids given only at patient request) B:

79. #14 SUBSTANCE ABUSE (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/substance-abuse-horizon-scan-high-impact-1412.pdf
    December 01, 2014 - Inexpensive and readily available illicit opioid drugs, such as heroin, and increased use of prescription opioids … Opioid Overdose by Nonclinicians  Key Facts: Fatal opioid overdoses of both prescription and illicit opioids … that patients may be slower to adopt this intervention than families or friends of patients taking opioids … , as it could inadvertently expose an individual’s use of opioids.18 Overall, experts commented that

80. Noninvasive, Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/nonpharma-treatment-pain_research-protocol-amended.pdf
    September 20, 2017 - nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, antiseizure medications, antidepressants) • Opioid … analgesics o Key Questions 1-4, 6, subquestion “c”: Exercise o Key Question 5, 6, subquestion “c”: … pharmacological therapy (NSAIDS, acetaminophen, anti-seizure medications, antidepressants) • Opioid … analgesics KQs 1-4, 6 subquestion c • Exercise† KQ 5, 6 subquestion c • Biofeedback‡ All KQs: … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence.