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41. Effective Health Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND_0108_05-24-2009.pdf
    January 01, 2009 - Several consensus statements, clinical guidelines, and evidence reviews caution against the use of opioids … However, opioids are used in more than half of all migraine visits to the emergency department in the … factors, including patient familiarity with the medications, history of successful treatment with opioids

42. EHC Research Protocol (Amended): Treatments for Acute Episodic Migraine (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/migraine-treatments-research-amended-protocol.pdf
    January 09, 2020 - In contrast, the evidence supporting the use of opioids, other nonopioid pharmacologic therapy, and … of use per month of specific medications.8 Triptans, ergots alkaloids, combination analgesics, or opioids … analgesics and triptans.9 For this reason, the American Headache Society has explicitly stated that opioids … has been identified as a risk factor for disease chronification. 11 12 Despite concern with use of opioids … Rates and Predictors of Using Opioids in the Emergency Department to Treat Migraine in Adolescents and

43. Noninvasive Treatments for Low Back Pain: Current State of the Evidence (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/back-pain-treatment_clinician.pdf
    November 01, 2016 - . �� Pharmacological interventions: NSAIDs, opioids, and duloxetine are effective in treating chronic … low back pain (moderate SOE). �» Note: No evidence supporting the effectiveness and safety of opioids … the potential for increased risk of misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and death associated with opioids … Placebo Pain (short-term) 1 SR + 2 additional RCTs ++ ��� Function (short-term) + Opioids—other§ … Drugs FDA Black Box Warning Opioids (immediate-release) ��Misuse, abuse, addiction, overdose, and

44. Disposition of Comments: CER 228, Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-228-nonopioid-pharm-chronic-pain-comments.pdf
    April 16, 2020 - The second study was not eligible for this review because comparisons to opioids were not included … However, this comparison was covered in our related report on the use of opioids in chronic pain and … More importantly, nonopioid drug therapies are not necessarily a replacement for the use of opioids … In such cases, opioids can and should be tested on a trial basis, and the use of opioids for chronic … opioids = BAD marijuana, alcohol, cigarettes, sugar = A OK So you see, WE are NOT the problem.

45. App-D-Opioid-Chronic-Pain-Surveill-Report-1 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-d-opioid-chronic-pain-surveill-report-1.xlsx
    September 30, 2015 - Pain > 3 months, currently prescribed opioids; excluded cancer and end-of-life treatment A. … Inclusion: Adults aged 18-64 years with post-surgical, non-cancer back pain; addiction to prescription opioids … 12 month followup Inclusion: Patients with chronic opioid therapy (≥84 consecutive days of available opioids … in 2014 or 2015 with an average daily MME ≥ 50 Exclusion: NR n=14,596 A: Abrupt discontinuation of opioids … of opioids (n=6,480) D: Stable or increasing dose of opioid (n=2,277) Age 0-29: 3% 30-39: 12% 40-49:

46. Living Systematic Review on Plant-Based Treatment for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/plant-based-treatments-revised-protocol.pdf
    March 29, 2023 - From 1999 to 2014, over 165,000 people died from overdose related to prescription opioids in the United … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain– United States, 2016. … CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016. … Efficacy of opioids for chronic pain: a review of the evidence. … Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiological study.

47. App-D-Opioid-Chronic-Pain-Surveillance-Report-2 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-d-opioid-chronic-pain-surveillance-report-2.xlsx
    September 30, 2015 - Pain > 3 months, currently prescribed opioids; excluded cancer and end-of-life treatment A. … Inclusion: Adults aged 18-64 years with post-surgical, non-cancer back pain; addiction to prescription opioids … 12 month followup Inclusion: Patients with chronic opioid therapy (≥84 consecutive days of available opioids … in 2014 or 2015 with an average daily MME ≥ 50 Exclusion: NR n=14,596 A: Abrupt discontinuation of opioids … of opioids (n=6,480) D: Stable or increasing dose of opioid (n=2,277) Age 0-29: 3% 30-39: 12% 40-49:

48. AHRQ Evidence-based Practice Center Program Research Gaps Summary: Primary Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/product/pdf/research-gap-primary-care-summary-table.pdf
    March 01, 2022 - • Only a small number of studies have evaluated opioids. … Some opioids may reduce pain of episodic migraine. … Some opioids may be less effective than other drugs. … pain, but opioids are probably less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain … individuals are dependent on opioids and experiencing pain

49. Noninvasive Treatments for Low Back Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/back-pain-treatment_research_executive.pdf
    February 01, 2016 - opioids also received higher doses of opioids. … opioids also received higher doses of opioids. … Opioids vs. … Long acting opioids vs. … to long-acting opioids also received higher doses of opioids.

50. Topic-Brief1-Care-Coordination (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/topic-brief1-care-coordination.pdf
    April 01, 2021 - In addition, persons with pain are often discharged on opioids; such patients may be at risk for opioid-related … adverse events or withdrawal if opioids are discontinued or tapered abruptly. … Management of pain during hospitalization often involves use of opioids. … are potentially at risk for opioid-related adverse events as well untreated pain or withdrawal if opioids … Opioid analgesics play an essential role in treating pain, and pain management in the context of the

51. Topic-Brief1-Care-Coordination (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/topic-brief1-care-coordination.pdf
    April 01, 2021 - In addition, persons with pain are often discharged on opioids; such patients may be at risk for opioid-related … adverse events or withdrawal if opioids are discontinued or tapered abruptly. … Management of pain during hospitalization often involves use of opioids. … are potentially at risk for opioid-related adverse events as well untreated pain or withdrawal if opioids … Opioid analgesics play an essential role in treating pain, and pain management in the context of the

52. Developing and Piloting a Tool To Create Dot Plots To Summarize Pooled Data for Multiple Outcomes in Systematic Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/dot-plots-methods.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid ..................... 3 Figure … The opioids review reported dichotomous and continuous outcomes; for the pilot we used pooled data for … the comparison involving opioids versus placebo or no opioids. … Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Note: Pain response indicates … Dot plot for continuous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Abbreviations: CI = confidence

53. App-D-Opioid-Chronic-Pain-Surveillance-Report-3 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-d-opioid-chronic-pain-surveillance-report-3.xlsx
    September 30, 2015 - Pain > 3 months, currently prescribed opioids Exclusion: cancer and end-of-life treatment A. … Weak opioids; investigators prescribed most suitable drug and daily dose, and would switch to another … 12 month followup Inclusion: Patients with chronic opioid therapy (≥84 consecutive days of available opioids … of opioids (n=6,480) D: Stable or increasing dose of opioid (n=2,277) Age 0-29: 3% 30-39: 12% 40-49: … based on age and time of cohort entry Dose: Long-acting, short-acting, and short- and long-acting opioids

54. Developing and Piloting a Tool To Create Dot Plots To Summarize Pooled Data for Multiple Outcomes in Systematic Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/product/pdf/dot-plots-methods.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid ..................... 3 Figure … The opioids review reported dichotomous and continuous outcomes; for the pilot we used pooled data for … the comparison involving opioids versus placebo or no opioids. … Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Note: Pain response indicates … Dot plot for continuous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Abbreviations: CI = confidence

55. Systematic Review on Treatments for Acute Pain: Surveillance Report 1 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/main-apps-surv-rept-1-acute-pain.pdf
    May 01, 2022 - Opioids and NSAIDs were more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental pain, but opioids were … Any systemic opioid, including agonists, partial agonists, and mixed mechanism opioids. f. … Transdermal patches, topical opioids f. … Can we eliminate opioids after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? … Opioid analgesics and persistent pain after an acute pain emergency department visit: evidence from

56. Migraine-Emergency Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/migraine-emergency_executive.pdf
    November 01, 2012 - Opioids are often used to treat acute migraine, despite their recognized ability to cause dependence … Opioids were more effective than placebo for pain relief (moderate SOE). … Results were mixed for opioids compared with other active agents for pain relief. … Single trials compared opioids with other opioids (e.g., nalbuphine, meperidine), hydroxyzine, methotrimeprazine … Few short-term side effects were reported for opioids.

57. Research Protocol (Amended): Treatment of Acute Pain--An Evidence Map (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/acute-pain-protocol-amended.pdf
    June 10, 2018 - Opioids are a primary pharmacologic treatment for pain. … risen from 3 deaths per 100,000 people in 2000 to more than 13 per 100,000 in 2016.1 Prescription opioids … how to effectively prevent and manage acute and chronic pain with less reliance on highly addictive opioids … • Which settings are of highest priority in terms of identifying alternatives to opioids? … • Are you aware of clinical practice guidelines addressing reducing the use of opioids?

58. Opioid Abuse and Addiction | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/health-topics/opioid-abuse-and-addiction

59. Hip-Fracture-Pain Consumer (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/hip-fracture-pain_consumer.pdf
    May 01, 2011 - Opioid analgesics. Some common names for these drugs are morphine, codeine, and oxycodone. … Common side effects of opioid analgesics include: � Nausea, vomiting, and constipation. … doctor might use a nerve block to help ease your pain if you cannot take medicines like NSAIDs or opioids

60. Executive Summary - Living Systematic Review on Cannabis and Other Plant-Based Treatments for Chronic Pain: 2023 Update (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-executive-summary-2023-update.pdf
    January 01, 2023 - placebo,2 and two new observational studies, one of plant-based comparable THC to CBD versus long-acting opioids … gabapentin + nabilone (1) Active comparator; oral mucosal spray vs. dronabinol Long-acting opioids … Nabiximols sublingual oromucosal spray, 2.7 mg THC/2.5 mg CBD per 100 mcl Oral long-acting opioids … Effectiveness, Safety, and Tolerability of Nabiximols Oromucosal Spray vs Typical Oral Long-Acting Opioid … Analgesics in Patients with Severe Neuropathic Back Pain: Analysis of 6-Month Real-World Data from