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81. Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: Evidence Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/dyspnea-advanced-cancer-summary-1.pdf
    November 01, 2020 - guidelines that recommend opioids for breathlessness are based mainly on results from short-term studies of opioid-naïve

82. Appendix-E-Table-E5 0 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/Appendix-E-Table-E5_0.xlsx
    October 08, 2025 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … 2021 Matched cohort Canada NR NR Mean 52 55 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 10,746 A: 5373 B: 5373 A: Chronic opioid … Overall absolute effect after medical cannabis authorization: ˗76.5 (˗308.0 to 154.9) Prescription opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR [95% CI]): 2.29 (0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR [95% CI]): 1.11 (0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted

83. Cannabis-App-F5-Table-Surveillance-Report-2 0 0 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-app-f5-table-surveillance-report-2_0_0.xlsx
    October 08, 2025 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … 2021 Matched cohort Canada NR NR Mean 52 55 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 10,746 A: 5373 B: 5373 A: Chronic opioid … Overall absolute effect after medical cannabis authorization: ˗76.5 (˗308.0 to 154.9) Prescription opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR [95% CI]): 2.29 (0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR [95% CI]): 1.11 (0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted

84. Developing and Piloting a Tool To Create Dot Plots To Summarize Pooled Data for Multiple Outcomes in Systematic Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/dot-plots-methods.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid ..................... 3 Figure … For continuous outcomes (opioid review only), the dataset consisted of: outcome, number of trials, baseline … Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Note: Pain response indicates … Dot plot for continuous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Abbreviations: CI = confidence … Opioid Treatments for Chronic Pain.

85. Cannabis-2023-Surv-Rep-4-Table-E-5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-2023-surv-rep-4-table-E-5.xlsx
    January 01, 2023 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 2.29 (95% CI 0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 1.11 (95% CI 0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

86. Cannabis-2022-Surv-Rep-4-Table-F5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cannabis-2022-surv-rep-4-table-F5.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 2.29 (95% CI 0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 1.11 (95% CI 0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

87. Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Postoperative Pain Management in Cardiothoracic Surgery (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/peripheral-nerve-block-protocol.pdf
    November 18, 2023 - have a 2.5-fold higher risk of developing opioid use disorder than those not discharged with opioid … Opioid-related adverse effects in children https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/? … Incidence of and Risk Factors for Chronic Opioid Use Among Opioid-Naive Patients in the Postoperative … Opioid Dependence and Overdose After Surgery: Rate, Risk Factors, and Reasons. … Chronic Opioid Use After Surgery: Implications for Perioperative Management in the Face of the Opioid

88. Developing and Piloting a Tool To Create Dot Plots To Summarize Pooled Data for Multiple Outcomes in Systematic Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/product/pdf/dot-plots-methods.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid ..................... 3 Figure … For continuous outcomes (opioid review only), the dataset consisted of: outcome, number of trials, baseline … Dot plot for dichotomous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Note: Pain response indicates … Dot plot for continuous outcomes, opioids versus placebo or no opioid Abbreviations: CI = confidence … Opioid Treatments for Chronic Pain.

89. Cer-250-Cannabis-Table-E5-2022-Update 0 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-table-e5-2022-update_0.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … Overall absolute effect after medical cannabis authorization: ˗76.5 (˗308.0 to 154.9) Prescription opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR [95% CI]): 2.29 (0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR [95% CI]): 1.11 (0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001

90. Cer-250-Cannabis-2024-Surv-Rep-Update-Table-E5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-2024-surv-rep-update-table-e5.xlsx
    January 01, 2024 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 2.29 (95% CI 0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 1.11 (95% CI 0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

91. Pharmacologic Management of Acute Pain by EMS in the Prehospital Setting Protocol Amendment (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/acute-pain-ems-protocol-amendment.pdf
    January 28, 2019 - .4-6 Under- treatment of pain in the prehospital setting paired with the recent focus on optimizing opioid … and non-opioid analgesics for the prehospital management of acute pain to support a revision of the … America’s opioid epidemic: supply and demand considerations. Anesth Analg. 2017;125:1667-74. 10. … Opioid prescribing in a cross section of US emergency departments. … Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2018;11:S105-20. 12.

92. Nonopioid Pharmacologic Treatments for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/nonopioid-pharm-chronic-pain-protocol.pdf
    February 01, 2019 - Prescription Opioid Data. 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html. … Trends in long-term opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer pain. … Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers--- United States, 1999--2008. … Opioid prescriptions by U.S. primary care physicians from 1992 to 2001. … Trends in long‐term opioid therapy for chronic non‐cancer pain.

93. Cer-250-Cannabis-2025-Surv-Rep-Update-Table-E5 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-250-cannabis-2025-surv-rep-update-table-e5.xlsx
    January 01, 2025 - Outcomes Functional Outcomes Quality of Life Outcomes Anxiety and Depression Outcomes Sleep Outcomes Opioid … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 2.29 (95% CI 0.86 to 6.16) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … C (reference) Opioid initiation (adjusted OR): 1.11 (95% CI 0.36 to 3.49) Opioid discontinuation (adjusted … B Between-cohort differences in discontinuation of strong opioid analgesics: 71.6% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001 … use at 6 months: Mild opioid analgesics: 0.00 (SD 0.06) vs. 0.04 (SD 0.20) Strong opioid analgesics:

94. Disposition of Comments: CER 227 Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-227-noninvasive-nonpharm-chronic-pain-comments.pdf
    April 16, 2020 - treatment, either allowing their pain to worsen or seeking immediate albeit short-term relief via an opioid … trials where this actually occurred) References: – Richard A Lawhern, PhD, “The CDC’s Fictitious Opioid … , April 15, 2017, https://www.ncnp.org/journal-of-medicine/1980-the-cdcs- fictitious-opioid-epidemic-part … There are two concurrent reviews, one on opioids and the other on non-opioid pharmacologic treatments … There were no studies meeting our inclusion criteria that compared acupuncture to opioid use.

95. Research Protocol (Amended): Treatment of Acute Pain--An Evidence Map (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/acute-pain-protocol-amended.pdf
    June 10, 2018 - Background and Objectives for the Technical Brief Addressing the opioid epidemic in the United States … This reemergence primarily results from the sharp rise in opioid-related deaths in the United States … Opioid related deaths have risen from 3 deaths per 100,000 people in 2000 to more than 13 per 100,000 … opioids were involved in over 40 percent of all overdose deaths in 2016.1 The urgency of the growing opioid … Opioid Overdose. 2017. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/index.html. 2. Institute of Medicine.

96. Noninvasive Treatments for Low Back Pain (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/back-pain-treatment_research_executive.pdf
    February 01, 2016 - NSAID No difference 6 RCTs Moderate -- -- -- Opioid vs. … opioid vs. short-acting opioid No clear difference* 6 RCTs Low -- -- -- Benzodiazepine (diazepam) … NSAID No difference 6 RCTs Moderate -- -- -- Opioid vs. … opioid vs. short-acting opioid No clear difference* 6 RCTs Low -- -- -- Benzodiazepine (diazepam) … opioid vs.

97. Hip-Fracture-Pain Consumer (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/hip-fracture-pain_consumer.pdf
    May 01, 2011 - Opioid analgesics. Some common names for these drugs are morphine, codeine, and oxycodone. … Common side effects of opioid analgesics include: � Nausea, vomiting, and constipation. … before, during, or after an an operation may ease short-term pain more than the usual treatment of opioid … may help you avoid “delirium,” or confusion and cloudy thinking, which can be caused by pain or by opioid … will be improved or relieved by acupressure, relaxation therapy, or TENS more than by medicines like opioid

98. Methods Research Report: Testing a Machine Learning Tool for Facilitating Living Systematic Reviews of Chronic Pain Treatments (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-report-testing-machine-learning-tool-chronic-pain.pdf
    November 01, 2020 - The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid Treatment of Chronic Pain. … / 10. opioid*.ti,ab,kw. 11. … Opioid Treatments for Chronic Pain KQ 1-3 (Treatment) 1. … Opioid Treatments for Chronic Pain Afilalo M, Etropolski MS, Kuperwasser B, et al. … J Opioid Manag. 2015;11(6):507-518. PMID: 26728648.

99. #14 SUBSTANCE ABUSE (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/substance-abuse-horizon-scan-high-impact-1306.pdf
    June 01, 2013 - Buprenorphine implant (Probuphine) for treatment of opioid dependence No high-impact potential at this … The buprenorphine implant, Probuphine, developed for treating opioid dependence, uses a new delivery … Opioid abuse is one of the most common forms of prescription drug abuse. … Opioid dependency ES-3 management includes medically supervised detoxification and opiate replacement … Available short-acting treatments for opioid dependence (e.g., naltrexone, methadone, buprenorphine

100. White Paper: Living Systematic Reviews: Practical Considerations for Adapting Scope and Communicating the Evolving Evidence (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/scope-communicating-evolving-evidence-white-paper_0.pdf
     June 01, 2025 - In the case of opioids,8 serious potential harms include risk of opioid use disorder and overdose. … 2025 Comparison of VER-01 to Opioids in Patients With Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain VER-01; Opioid … Therapy 350 March 2025 Evaluation of Medical Cannabis and Prescription Opioid Taper Support for … Opioid Taper Support (POTS) 250 June 2025 Reducing Pain and Opioid Use With CBD Cannabidiol; Placebo … CBD = cannabidiol; MIRE = Monochromatic Infrared Photo Energy; NR = not reported; POTS = Prescription Opioid