- 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/chronic-pain-opioid-treatment_disposition-comments.pdf
September 29, 2014 - The Effectiveness and Risks of Long-Term Opioid 
Treatment of Chronic Pain. … Tapentadol was included 
because it is a much stronger opioid 
agonist. … formulas in reducing opioid abuse. … Emergency department visits among recipients of chronic opioid therapy. … Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related 
deaths.Bohnert AS, Valenstein
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/retention-strategies-opioid-use-disorder/rapid-protocol
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/main-apps-surv-report-3-acute-pain.pdf
June 01, 2022 - (or/1-4) and (5 or 6)  
8. exp Analgesics, Opioid/ 
9. opioid*.ti,ab,kw.  
10. … (or/1-4) and (5 or 6)  
8. exp Analgesics, Opioid/  
9. opioid*.ti,ab,kw.  
10. … for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, or 
overdose? … for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, 
or overdose? … The Opioid Analgesic Reduction Study 
(OARS)-a comparison of opioid vs. non-
opioid combination analgesics
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/pdf/mhs-IV-epc-grand-rounds-slides.pptx
January 01, 2023 - Principal – Leavitt Partners
19
Opioid Stewardship
Rapid Review
Julie M. … The purpose of this review was to determine the effectiveness of opioid stewardship interventions in … Journal of Pain Research 2023;16:383-394
Opioid Stewardship Interventions in Healthcare Facilities … Refills
  - 4 of 6 RCTs	Patient Satisfaction
  - 3 of 6 RCTs	Opioid Prescribing/Ordering
  - 5 of 6 … Safety for Opioid Prescribing: Handbook for Healthcare Executives
U.S.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/migraine-treatments-research-amended-protocol.pdf
January 09, 2020 - Opioid therapy 
 
KQ1a. … What are the effects of prescribing opioid therapy versus not prescribing opioid therapy 
for acute episodic … of instruments for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, or overdose? … of instruments for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use disorder, or 
overdose? … Opioid Therapy: 
KQ 1a-e.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/chronic-pain-opioid-treatment_research-protocol.pdf
December 19, 2013 - vs. placebo or non-opioid therapy 
(including usual care) 
•	 For KQ Ic: Opioid vs. non-opioid therapy … plus non-opioid therapy (pharmacological or non-
pharmacological) vs. opioid or non-opioid therapy alone … vs. another long-acting opioid 
•	 For KQ IIId: Short- plus long-acting opioid vs. long-acting opioid … Association 
between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid 
overdose-related deaths. … : 7. exp Analgesics, Opioid/ 
Opioids 8. opioid*.mp 
(includes alone 9.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-240-acute-pain-evidence-summary.pdf
December 01, 2020 - • An opioid might be more effective than gabapentin for acute neuropathic pain. … • Being prescribed an opioid for acute low back pain or postoperative pain might be 
associated with … and management of postoperative 
pain following discharge. 
 
  
 
 
  
 
2 
effectiveness of opioid … Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of opioid therapy versus nonopioid 
pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic … might not decrease opioid prescribing.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/substanceabuse_hi_impact.pdf
January 01, 2012 - *Buprenorphine implant for treatment of opioid dependence 
2. … *Extended-release naltrexone (Vivitrol) for treatment of opioid dependence 
4. … dependence 
Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that is known to reduce opioid cravings and … play a role in opioid dependence.
2
 Blockade of the mu-opioid receptor in particular appears to be … was approved in 1984 for the treatment of opioid dependence.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-220-analgesics-acute-pain-summary.pdf
September 01, 2019 - PO: 1
4
Characteristic
Opioids Versus 
Ketamine
Opioid+Ketamine 
Versus Opioid
Opioids Versus … Combined administration of an opioid 
and ketamine may reduce acute pain more than 
an opioid alone but … America’s opioid epidemic: 
supply and demand considerations. … Opioid prescribing 
in the cross section of US emergency departments. … J Opioid Manag. 
2011 May-Jun;7(3):229-234. PMID: 21823553.
71.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/substance-abuse-horizon-scan-high-impact-1412.pdf
December 01, 2014 - Evzio for Emergency Treatment of Opioid Overdose by Nonclinicians 
 Key Facts: Fatal opioid overdoses … years, opioid overdose mortality rates 
continue to rise. … It can reverse opioid 
overdose events within 3 minutes of administration. … They 
also noted Evzio does not address the root causes of opioid overdoses: opioid misuse and 
dependence … FDA approves new hand-held auto-injector to 
reverse opioid overdose. [internet].
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-240-acute-pain-revised-comments.pdf
December 29, 2020 - analgesics versus 
NSAIDS or other non-opioid treatments. … Baker, Sean Mackey, “Incidence of and 
Risk Factors for Chronic Opioid Use 
Among Opioid-Naive Patients … The question 
isn’t necessarily “I need to give a single 
dose, should it be opioid or non-opioid?” … use 
for acute pain and long-term use 
and predictors of opioid use. … The background section 
discusses epidemiological data 
on opioid prescribing, opioid 
mortality, and
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/gaps-pain-management.pdf
January 01, 2023 - • An opioid might be more effective than 
gabapentin for acute neuropathic pain. … and opioid use disorder using 
standardized methods … • Studies that address how policies aimed at 
reducing the duration or dose of opioid 
prescribing … • Longitudinal outcome studies on opioids, 
including harms (e.g., refractory opioid 
dependence, … • Combining an opioid with ketamine may be 
more effective in reducing pain compared 
with opioids
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-239-acute-migraine-evidence-summary.pdf
December 01, 2020 - • No studies evaluate instruments for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use 
disorder or overdose … Opioid and butalbital-containing medications have a two-fold higher risk of medication 
overuse headache … • No studies evaluated instruments for predicting risk of opioid misuse, opioid use 
disorder or … No included studies evaluated 
instruments to help in predicting risk of opioid misuse, developing opioid … Excessive opioid use 
and the development of chronic migraine.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-e-surv-report-2-acute-pain.xlsx
October 08, 2025 - B
Opioid medication use: OR 0.48 (99% CI 0.18 to 1.33) day 1; OR 1.50 (99% CI 0.31 to 7.25) day 7; OR … Rhinoplasty	Opioid vs. … use education vs. usual care	A: Preoperative opioid education
B: No preoperative opioid education	NA … A: Preoperative opioid education
B: No preoperative opioid education	A: 3.09 mg
B: 6.18 mg	129
A: NR … Third molar extraction	Opioid vs.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/app-e-surv-report-3-acute-pain.xlsx
October 08, 2025 - B
Opioid medication use: OR 0.48 (99% CI 0.18 to 1.33) day 1; OR 1.50 (99% CI 0.31 to 7.25) day 7; OR … Rhinoplasty	Opioid vs. … use education vs. usual care	A: Preoperative opioid education
B: No preoperative opioid education	NA … A: Preoperative opioid education
B: No preoperative opioid education	A: 3.09 mg
B: 6.18 mg	129
A: NR … Third molar extraction	Opioid vs.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/opioids-chronic-pain/protocol
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/14_substanceabuse_potential_high_impact_june_2012.pdf
January 01, 2012 - *Buprenorphine implant (Probuphine) for treatment of opioid dependence Moderately high 
3. …  Key Facts: Opioid abuse is one of the most common forms of prescription drug abuse. … antagonist that was recently 
approved by FDA for treating opioid dependence. … dependence 
Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that is known to reduce opioid cravings and is … receptors, each of which is thought 
to play a role in opioid dependence.
22
 Blockade of the mu-opioid
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/substance-abuse-horizon-scan-high-impact-1312.pdf
December 01, 2013 - The toolkit contains pain management guidelines, opioid risk-assessment tools, 
precautions for opioid … recognizing and responding to an opioid overdose, and different options for 
opioid abuse treatment. … interventions may include opioid detoxification, opioid 
replacement therapies (i.e., methadone or … Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: a 
review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies 
to … curb opioid abuse.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/opioid-use-disorder_research-protocol.pdf
February 24, 2016 - use disorder related to prescription opioid use for 
chronic pain versus unprescribed opioid use), and … Opioid-use disorder among patients on long-term opioid 
therapy: impact of final DSM-5 diagnostic criteria … Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction 
in Opioid Treatment Programs. … Methadone at tapered doses for the 
management of opioid withdrawal. … Oral naltrexone 
maintenance treatment for opioid dependence.
                                     
                                                                    - 
                                        
effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/opioid-use-disorder_disposition-comments.pdf
December 06, 2016 - ) and only 
about 1 in 5 opioid addicts receive MAT. … Similarly, as opioid medication is the primary 
active ingredient of treatment for opioid use disorders … Oral naltrexone is 
approved for prevention of opioid relapse. … Seizing a “reachable moment”- 
A Transitional Opioid Program (TOP) for hospitalized 
opioid dependent … The Hubs are 
opioid treatment programs and can prescribe 
methadone.