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221. Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6fMLEz4CfAVoj9YBYVbm73
     April 17, 2018 - rates in men than in women.5 Nearly 40% of persons who experience a fracture are unable to walk independently … rates after a hip fracture are significantly higher in men than in women.2,13 The large Women’s Health … Hip fractures significantly increase morbidity and mortality. … However, none of these studies were ad- equately powered to detect mortality differences. … Meta-analysis: excess mortality after hip fracture among older women and men.

222. Archived: Skin Cancer: Screening, April 2001 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/skin-cancer-screening-2001
     April 01, 2001 - Evidence is lacking that skin examination by clinicians is effective in reducing mortality or morbidity … young people, the elderly (especially elderly men) bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality … However, they cause limited morbidity or mortality even in the absence of formal screening. … It is not known if this stage shift leads to decreased morbidity or mortality. … Even without formal screening programs, mortality from basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma is low

223. Archived: Lung Cancer: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lung-cancer-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - survival, but the small amount of available evidence does not show that screening reduces lung cancer mortality … that those receiving chest x-rays every 6 months had a larger proportion of resectable tumors, but mortality … this study, persons receiving chest x-rays and sputum cytology every 4 months had the same lung cancer mortality … the benefit of frequent dual screening compared to usual medical care. 22 In each study, lung cancer mortality … early cancers, controlled trials provide no significant evidence that lung cancer screening reduces mortality

224. Ztmgupsekcuuupvpegum45 (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ZTMgupsEkCUuuPVpeGUm45
     September 01, 2013 - Black persons had the highest mortality rates from HCV, at 6.5 to 7.8 deaths per 100 000 persons, according … This fair-quality study showed a decrease in the risk for all-cause mortality com- pared with no SVR … rate from HCV infection of 22%. … In 5 large intervention series published since 2004, the mortality rate was less than 0.2% and serious … A sustained virologic response reduces risk of all-cause mortality in patients with hepatitis C.

225. Evidence Summary: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary14/bladder-cancer-in-adults-screening
     October 15, 2010 - Largely due to the effects on bladder-cancer-related death, the risk for all-cause mortality was also … Does Treatment of Screen-Detected Bladder Cancer Reduce Morbidity and Mortality From This Disease? … Incidence and Mortality Web-based Report. Atlanta: U.S. … Does treatment of screen-detected bladder cancer reduce morbidity and mortality from this disease? … Outcomes Includes morbidity, mortality, and health-related quality of life.

226. Archived: Final Research Plan: Preeclampsia: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan109/preeclampsia-screening-april-2017
     August 14, 2014 - How effectively does screening for preeclampsia reduce maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality … What established protocols for preeclampsia management and treatment are known to reduce morbidity and mortality … Comparators Outcomes Maternal and perinatal health outcomes (KQ 1): Maternal mortality … and serious morbidity (e.g., organ or system failure or injury, eclampsia) and perinatal or neonatal mortality

227. Screening for Ovarian Cancer: A Brief Evidence Update (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/k2QHcwuK4NkvxFXhvGrbwY
     May 01, 2004 - prospective studies that women with early-stage ovarian cancer detected through screening have lower mortality … Screening studies with mortality outcomes. … No RCTs of screening for ovarian cancer in the general population with mortality outcomes have been completed … Large RCTs of screening with mortality outcomes are currently in progress and will provide more definitive … Estrogen replacement therapy and ovarian cancer mortality in a large prospective study of US women.

228. Archived: Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/healthy-diet-and-physical-activity-counseling-adults-with-high-risk-of-cvd-august-2014
     August 26, 2014 - Obesity is associated with increased CVD mortality 2 . … in CVD events or mortality at 6 to 79 months. … rate during the trial 17 . … Healthy lifestyle behaviors and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States. … Mortality rates in treated hypertensive men with additional risk factors are high but can be reduced:

229. Archived: Evidence Summary: Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Screening, 2014 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary29/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening-nonpregnant-adolescents-adults-may-2014
     May 27, 2014 - screening for HBV infection versus no screening in asymptomatic adolescents and adults on morbidity, mortality … Clinical health outcomes of interest include mortality, incidence of cirrhosis or hepatocellular cancer … Clinical health outcomes of interest following vaccination include mortality, incidence of cirrhosis … There was no incidence of mortality in either study, resulting a a relative risk that is not estimable … Two studies had no incidence of mortality in either group, resulting in relative risks that were not

230. Archived: Evidence Summary: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/colorectal-cancer-screening-june-2016
     June 15, 2016 - , or all-cause mortality were reviewed for inclusion. … with CRC mortality findings. … Long-term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. … and all-cause mortality. … Mortality benefit was limited to distal CRC. Fair to poor.

231. Archived: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breast-cancer-screening-2009
     December 15, 2009 - Adequate evidence suggests that BSE does not reduce breast cancer mortality. … Adequate evidence suggests that teaching BSE does not reduce breast cancer mortality. … The Task Force considered both "mortality" and "life-years gained" outcomes. … Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. … Effect of Screening on Breast Cancer Mortality. Atlanta, GA: National Cancer Institute; 2009.

232. Archived: Evidence Summary: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening-january-2017
     January 24, 2017 - (eTable 29 in the Supplement); most (29 RCTs) reported mortality rates at 12 weeks or less. … Sleep disturbances and risk of frailty and mortality in older men. … Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study. … Sleep apnea and 20-year follow-up for all-cause mortality, stroke, and cancer incidence and mortality … Single study for all other outcomes (e.g., cancer-related mortality, stroke, CHD).

233. Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/G9P7o8jDh4J3NnAk6y-SYL
     December 01, 2011 - ; RR, 0.52 [CI, 0.37 to 0.73] for all-cause mortality). … It did not report prostate cancer– specific mortality. … rate of 0.5% in Medicare claimants (60); 3 other large observa- tional studies reported similar findings … Does PSA-based screening decrease prostate cancer–specific or all-cause mortality? … Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a ran- domized European study.

234. Archived: Physical Activity Promotion: Behavioral Counseling, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/physical-activity-promotion-behavioral-counseling-1996
     January 01, 1996 - compared with those who remained unfit. 16 The absolute reduction in the age-adjusted death rate from … Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1992. … The Lipid Research Clinics mortality follow-up study. … Exercise in leisure time: coronary attack and death rate. … Cardiorespiratory fitness, glycemic status, and mortality risk in men.

235. Txncztmvpe5Ftseqts6Obm (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TxnCztmvpE5FtsEqts6oBM
     November 01, 2015 - (33) CV events or mortality Dolan et al, 2005 (33) Gasowski et al, 2008 (37) Ohkubo et al, … (fatal HF, MI, or sudden death) CV mortality CV mortality CV mortality CV mortality MI or stroke, fatal … All-cause mortality All-cause mortality HR (95% CI) 1.11 (0.93–1.31) 1.16 (1.07–1.25) 1.19 (1.13– … Study, Year (Reference) CV events or mortality Fagard et al, 2005 (38) Ohkubo et al, 1998 (39) … (stroke, MI, or CV death) CV mortality Stroke/TIA (first) All-cause mortality (adjusted) HR (95%

236. Final Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-or-combined-supplementation-for-the-primary-prevention-of-fractures-in-adults-preventive-medication
     June 23, 2016 - alone or vitamin D combined with calcium leads to improved fracture and fracture-related morbidity and mortality … status, an intermediate outcome, may be associated with fractures and fracture-related morbidity and mortality … alone or vitamin D combined with calcium prevent fractures or reduce fracture-related morbidity and mortality … proximal humerus, distal radius, and morphometric vertebral fractures; fracture-related morbidity and mortality … KQ 2: All-cause mortality, symptomatic acute or chronic vitamin D or calcium toxicity, incident

237. Archived: Final Evidence Review: Ovarian Cancer: Screening, May 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-review79/ovarian-cancer-screening-2004
     May 15, 2004 - prospective studies that women with early-stage ovarian cancer detected through screening have lower mortality … with mortality outcomes have been completed, although some are currently in progress. … The studies in which these estimates are based were not RCTs of screening, did not report mortality outcomes … Large RCTs of screening with mortality outcomes are currently in progress and will provide more definitive … Estrogen replacement therapy and ovarian cancer mortality in a large prospective study of US women.

238. Archived: Evidence Summary: Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) in Adults: Screening, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/diabetes-mellitus-type-2-in-adults-screening-2003
     February 03, 2003 - Four percent of participants or fewer were lost to follow-up for mortality end points. … rates. 138 The RCTs of interventions cited in this review include predominantly white patients. … Is there a glycemic threshold for mortality risk? Diabetes Care . 1999;22:696-9. … Mortality and selected nonfatal events with insulin treatment. JAMA . 1978;240:37-42. … Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus.

239. Final Research Plan: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/hepatitis-c-screening
     December 21, 2017 - and nonpregnant adolescents and adults without known abnormal liver enzyme levels reduce HCV-related mortality … one screening method vs. another, screening interval comparisons Other comparisons Outcomes Mortality … another, screening interval comparisons Other comparisons Outcomes Perinatal transmission, mortality … cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, liver transplant, extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection), mortality … do not   Outcomes Morbidity (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, liver transplant), mortality

240. Archived: Final Research Plan: Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan154/healthful-diet-and-physical-activity-for-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-in-adults-without-known-risk-factors-behavioral-counseling-july-2017
     May 14, 2015 - reduce sedentary behavior may result in improved health outcomes, including cardiovascular morbidity and mortality … , all-cause mortality, and health-related quality of life (KQ 1). … behavioral counseling interventions have an effect and health outcomes (i.e., cardiovascular morbidity and mortality … , all-cause mortality, and health-related quality of life)? … 1: Health outcomes (i.e., CVD events [stroke, myocardial infarction], cardiovascular and all-cause mortality