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81. Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_nVeFxDCT9L-_cnDf_V3fK
    July 17, 2018 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cardiovascular events, mortality, risk assessment performance measures (calibration … KQ2 studies were re- quired to include a measure of calibration, discrimination, or reclas- sification … This analysis uses the change in C statistic to measure discrimination. … The most commonly used measure in this review was the Net Reclassification Index (NRI), which captures … Across all 3 nontraditional risk factors, less than half of studies reported a measure of calibration

82. Archived: Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan95/syphilis-infection-in-nonpregnant-adults-and-adolescents-june-2016
    September 18, 2014 - including HIV transmission; other relevant clinical outcomes; rates of infection and other similar measures … of infection KQ 2: Detection of infection KQ 3: Diagnostic accuracy (i.e., measures of … the test's sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and other related measures

83. Screening for High Blood Pressure in Adults (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/-QjonMQGChFvYe5952DF22
    October 01, 2015 - the condition of high blood pressure, the Task Force recommends that health care professionals also measure … If your doctor or nurse measures your blood pressure in the office and your numbers are high, talk with

84. Draft Research Plan: Impaired Visual Acuity in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/impaired-visual-acuity-adults-october-2022
    February 13, 2020 - vision-related quality of life; functional capacity, including ability to drive and driving outcomes; other measures … specificity, positive and negative predictive values, areas under the receiver operating curve, and other measures

85. Draft Research Plan: Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/impaired-visual-acuity-screening-older-adults
    February 13, 2020 - vision-related quality of life; functional capacity, including ability to drive and driving outcomes; other measures … specificity, positive and negative predictive values, areas under the receiver operating curve, and other measures

86. Final Research Plan: Healthy Diet, Physical Activity, and/or Weight Loss to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/behavioral-counseling-interventions-promote-healthy-diet-physical-activity-weight-loss-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-adults
    November 02, 2023 - Health outcomes: All-cause and CVD mortality CVD events Quality of life, well-being, and stress measures … KQ 2: Intermediate outcomes, including continuous measures and incidence of conditions: Blood … among adults with and without existing CVD risk factors, including high BMI or other adiposity measures

87. Final Research Plan: Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/elevated-blood-lead-levels-in-childhood-and-pregnancy-screening
    October 13, 2016 - including head-to-head comparisons of two different interventions Outcomes KQs 1, 5: Validated measures … to chelation therapy (e.g., renal toxicity, sensitivity reactions) All other outcomes, including measures … blood lead levels KQ 2b: Observational studies assessing the accuracy of capillary sampling to measure … including head-to-head comparisons of two different interventions Outcomes KQs 1, 5: Validated measures … reactions); adverse effects of nutritional supplements (e.g., nausea) All other outcomes, including measures

88. Final Research Plan: High Blood Pressure in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan6/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening
    September 15, 2013 - hospitalization for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, transient ischemic attack; composite measures … concordance for hypertension (e.g., r, r 2 , p-value for comparison of or difference of means) KQ 3a:  Measures

89. Archived: Final Research Plan: High Blood Pressure in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan6/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening-october-2015
    September 15, 2013 - hospitalization for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, transient ischemic attack; composite measures … concordance for hypertension (e.g., r, r 2 , p-value for comparison of or difference of means) KQ 3a:  Measures

90. Archived: Final Research Plan: High Blood Pressure in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan6/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening-monitoring-october-2015
    September 15, 2013 - hospitalization for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, transient ischemic attack; composite measures … concordance for hypertension (e.g., r, r 2 , p-value for comparison of or difference of means) KQ 3a:  Measures

91. Archived: Preeclampsia: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/preeclampsia-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - fetus is considered to be the most definitive method to minimize preeclamptic complications, but other measures … Several therapeutic agents are being investigated as preventive measures for preeclampsia. … in pregnant women has not been determined and is left to clinical discretion it is most efficient to measure

92. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary13/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions-2013
    January 15, 2013 - Intermediate outcomes, such as referral rates, use of counseling services, or measures of parent–child … Main outcomes include measures of reduced exposure to abuse and neglect (CPS reports, removal of the … to abuse (physical injuries, death, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations), and measures … Outcome measures also differed, limiting comparisons between trials, and often included self-reported … Intervention* Outcome Measure

93. Draft Research Plan: Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vitamin-d-deficiency-screening-adults
    October 25, 2018 - between vitamin D use and selected intermediate outcomes (i.e., bone mineral density, blood pressure, and measures … mass), behavioral outcomes (changes in diet or physical activity), or physical fitness/muscle strength measures

94. Archived: Screening and Interventions for Childhood Obesity: Where Is the Evidence? A Commentary by the Childhood Obesity Working Group of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening, July 2005 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/screening-and-interventions-for-childhood-obesity-where-is-t/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-2005
    July 11, 2005 - Physicians also seem to take high BMI more seriously than weight and height measures; 2 when documentation … It is important to note that the USPSTF did not recommend that primary care clinicians not weigh and measure … Although BMI is a convenient and widely agreed-upon measure of obesity, it is not clear what BMI at any … screening (and intervention) for overweight in childhood improves age-appropriate behavioral or physiologic measures … interventions lead to improved intermediate outcomes, including behavioral, physiologic or weight-related measures

95. Evidence Summary: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hypertensive-disorders-pregnancy-screening
    September 19, 2023 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality of life. … Included outcomes were mortality, morbidity related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, measures … consistent, reasonably precise for mental health/HRQoL Risk of bias higher for anxiety outcome measures … of the trials found differences in anxiety or postnatal depression between study groups; different measures

96. Final Evidence Summary: Illicit Drug Use in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Primary Care-Based Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/other-supporting-document19727/drug-use-illicit-primary-care-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents
    September 03, 2020 - Nineteen trials reported a continuous measure, most commonly the number of times illicit drugs were used … Dichotomous measures were selected over continuous measures, 1-month time frames were selected over longer … trials. 26 , 28 , 56 Most general prevention trials found no group differences on mental health symptom scales … , B-weights), Cohen d.KQ indicates key question; NR, not reported; NS, not significant. a Mean value … ) in general prevention trials Group differences were rarely found for a variety of mental health scales

97. Archived: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening-june-2018
    June 26, 2018 - Central DXA measures BMD at the hip and lumbar spine. … by the USPSTF used central DXA to determine eligibility for study enrollment. 4 , 6 Peripheral DXA measures … predicting fracture risk as DXA, while avoiding the risk of radiation exposure; however, it does not measure … Central DXA uses radiation to measure BMD at central bone sites (hip and lumbar spine), which is the … , with a pooled estimate of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.94; 3 studies; n = 5142). 4 However, QUS does not measure

98. Archived: Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (Hypertension): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents-hypertension-screening-october-2013
    October 15, 2013 - Comparative accuracy studies that examine the different types of devices to measure blood pressure, such … Prospective and retrospective cohort studies that include blood pressure measures and other cardiovascular … Studies that elucidate the association among childhood hypertension, adult hypertension, and surrogate measures … Studies of treatment during childhood should include an assessment of medication harms, measures of long-term … As a result, intermediate measures of target end-organ injury, including physical alterations to the

99. Individualizing Cancer Screening in Older Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/individualizing-cancer-screening-older-adults
    March 01, 2021 - Measures of functional status and health-related quality of life (HRQL) need to be included in trials … Preference-based HRQL measures use a conventional scale, with death (the lack of health status) = 0.00 … Quality-adjusted life years estimated using preference-based measures are a prominent way for estimating … are good measures in older adults will be explored in an upcoming companion report. … Outcomes Assessment in Cancer: Measures, Methods, and Applications.

100. Draft Recommendation: Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/vitamin-d-deficiency-screening-adults
     September 22, 2020 - estimates are based on total 25-(OH)D levels, and controversy remains about whether this is the best measure … 25-(OH)D levels; however, it can be difficult to measure accurately, and assays may underestimate or … Serum total 25-(OH)D levels are difficult to measure accurately, and different immunoassays can lead … Two trials reported depression outcomes; both reported no significant difference in depression measures … Two trials reporting on physical functioning measures reported conflicting results. 41 , 42 An unplanned