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21. Archived: Evidence Summary: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-june-2017
    June 20, 2017 - When pooling any weight measure, standardized mean differences in change between groups were used. … children in the control groups typically gained a mean of 8 to 17 lb (among children with baseline weights … 1- to 5-lb weight gains compared with mean 5- to 10-lb gains in control groups (with baseline mean weights … Youth in these trials had baseline mean weights of 215 and 244 lb in the 2 studies reporting baseline … Fasting plasma glucose was the only insulin or glucose measure with sufficient data to pool.

22. Final Research Plan: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
    June 30, 2022 - Include Exclude Condition definition Studies identifying children with higher BMI, using measures … Acceptable measures include weight (kilograms or pounds), age- and sex-normative weight (BMI percentile … adiposity (e.g., dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, underwater weight, or comparable), other similar measures … , or change in any of these measures Weight maintenance after an intervention has ended Cardiometabolic … measures (included only when weight-related measures are also reported): insulin resistance/blood glucose

23. Final Evidence Summary: Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary27/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents
    October 11, 2022 - all-cause mortality; quality of life measured using validated instruments; and functioning (validated scales … resulting from psychotherapy interventions, but this finding was statistically significant for only 1 measure … Screening for adolescent depression: a comparison of depression scales. … fluoxetine, and their combination; 1 on collaborative care) (n = 2152) Psychotherapy:    Varied by measure … difference Pharmacotherapy:    Statistically significant differences favoring pharmacotherapy for 1 measure

24. Final Research Plan: Weight Loss to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Behavioral Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obesity-in-adults-interventions
    March 31, 2016 - maintenance interventions selected based on an above normal BMI (e.g., ≥25 kg/m 2 ) or other weight-related measure … i.e., prediabetes) Studies limited to: Populations not selected based on weight-related measures … quality of life instruments Physical functioning, as measured by physical subscales of quality of life measures … Disability measures (global measures only, such as activities of daily living) KQ 2: Weight outcomes … Cost-effectiveness Behavioral changes (e.g., physical activity, diet, smoking) KQ 2: Cardiometabolic measures

25. Final Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
    April 06, 2023 - Analytic Framework * Measures … KQ 1: Morphometric vertebral fractures; BMD; laboratory or functional measures of bone or muscle strength … or quality; fall efficacy measures; and basic activities of daily living. … addition of intermediate health outcomes such as bone mineral density, muscle function, and laboratory measures

26. Evidence Summary: Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment With Nontraditional Risk Factors | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary--html/cardiovascular-disease-screening-using-nontraditional-risk-assessment
    July 10, 2018 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Cardiovascular events, mortality, risk assessment performance measures ( … KQ2 studies were required to include a measure of calibration, discrimination, or reclassification ( … This analysis uses the change in C statistic to measure discrimination. … The most commonly used measure in this review was the Net Reclassification Index (NRI), which captures … Across all 3 nontraditional risk factors, less than half of studies reported a measure of calibration

27. Draft Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
    January 12, 2023 - Analytic Framework * Measures … KQ 1: Morphometric vertebral fractures; BMD; laboratory or functional measures of bone or muscle strength … or quality; fall efficacy measures; and basic activities of daily living.

28. Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Qpv8h6ZMbYLYzakVrNQoj2
    October 11, 2022 - Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk (continued) Intervention Time of outcome measurement Outcome measure … group therapy; psychoeduca-tion for parents 8 wk to 7 mo Functioning: Health of the Nation Outcome Scales … CBT, fluoxetine, and their combination; 1 on collaborative care) (n = 2152) Psychotherapy Varied by measure … resulting from psychotherapy interventions, but this finding was statistically significant for only 1 measure … Screening for adolescent depression: a comparison of depression scales.

29. Archived: Final Research Plan: Falls Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/falls-prevention-in-older-adults-interventions-2018
    October 22, 2015 - than fractures that do not lead to an emergency department visit or hospitalization Quality of life measures … not listed in the inclusion criteria Disability measures other than activities of daily life and/or … instrumental activities of daily life Falls Efficacy Scale Function measures (e.g., Performance-Oriented … Balance Scale) KQ 2: Minor adverse events that are reported using nonvalidated, nongeneralizable measures

30. Final Research Plan: Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment With Nontraditional Risk Factors | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/cardiovascular-disease-screening-using-nontraditional-risk-assessment
    September 03, 2015 - Additionally, the figure illustrates how nontraditional risk factor assessment may improve measures of … risk factors in addition to traditional risk factors to predict cardiovascular disease risk improve measures … 4: CVD events (e.g., myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident) and/or mortality KQ 2: Measures

31. Screening for Overweight in Children and Adolescents: Where Is the Evidence? (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/7K93Ldpe86aLuGS65CPKYp
    July 01, 2005 - is important to note that the USPSTF did not recommend that primary care clinicians not weigh and measure … Although BMI is a convenient and widely agreed-upon measure of obesity, it is not clear what BMI at … screening for overweight in children/adolescents improves age-appropriate behavioral or physiologic measures … interventions lead to improved intermediate outcomes, including behavioral, physiologic or weight-related measures … screening for overweight in children/adolescents improves age-appropriate behavioral or physiologic measures

32. Screening and Interventions for Overweight in Children and Adolescents: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/J-vUTejXWsdp_d86zK4Gth
    July 01, 2005 - The USPSTF found fair evidence that body mass index (BMI) is a reasonable measure for identifying children … Clinical Considerations • It is important to measure and monitor growth over time in all children … weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) percentile for age and sex is the preferred measure … Single BMI measures track reasonably well from childhood and adolescence (aged 6-18 years) into young … Use of the body mass index (BMI) as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents.

33. Archived: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening, July 2005 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-2005
    July 11, 2005 - The USPSTF found fair evidence that body mass index (BMI) is a reasonable measure for identifying children … Clinical Considerations It is important to measure … weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) percentile for age and sex is the preferred measure … Single BMI measures track reasonably well from childhood and adolescence (aged 6-18 years) into young … Use of the body mass index (BMI) as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents.

34. Archived: Final Research Plan: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan97/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    July 17, 2014 - c Morbidity includes: physical adverse effects of treatment, quality of life measures, and other measures … cancer and treatment-related morbidity (i.e., physical adverse effects of treatment, quality of life measures … , other measures of impairment). … interrater reliability and accuracy of BI-RADS designations of breast density, as well as reproducibility of measures … within women and stability of measures over time (e.g., training sets, diagnostic accuracy studies with

35. Archived: Final Research Plan: Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Preexposure Prophylaxis | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/prevention-of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pre-exposure-prophylaxis-june-2019
    July 26, 2017 - † Measures of adherence include patient diaries or self-report, pill counts, adherence monitoring … devices, biochemical measures (e.g., serum drug levels), and prescription fill data … interest are those in which PrEP is administered in ways similar to primary care settings, that adherence measures

36. Final Research Plan: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening
    March 04, 2021 - PSG as the comparator Outcomes KQs 1, 5: Mortality, quality of life (both disease-specific measures … , such as the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, and general measures, such as the 36-Item Short-Form … Health Survey), measures of sleepiness, motor vehicle crashes, cardiovascular events (including ischemic

37. Archived: Final Research Plan: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan142/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening-january-2017
    October 30, 2014 - screening must include a comparison with polysomnography; studies on reliability of screening must include measures … the comparator Outcomes KQs 1, 5, 6: Mortality, quality of life (both disease-specific measures … , such as the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, and general measures, such as the 36-Item Short-Form … KQ 2: Sensitivity, specificity, discrimination, calibration KQ 3: Sensitivity and specificity; measures … daytime somnolence or sleepiness (e.g., measured with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale or other validated measures

38. Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_nVeFxDCT9L-_cnDf_V3fK
    July 17, 2018 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cardiovascular events, mortality, risk assessment performance measures (calibration … KQ2 studies were re- quired to include a measure of calibration, discrimination, or reclas- sification … This analysis uses the change in C statistic to measure discrimination. … The most commonly used measure in this review was the Net Reclassification Index (NRI), which captures … Across all 3 nontraditional risk factors, less than half of studies reported a measure of calibration

39. Archived: Final Research Plan: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan93/impaired-visual-acuity-in-older-adults-screening-2016
    September 27, 2014 - vision-related quality of life; functional capacity, including ability to drive and driving outcomes; other measures … specificity; positive and negative predictive values; area under the receiver operating curve; other measures … vision-related quality of life; functional capacity (including ability to drive and driving outcomes); other measures

40. Final Research Plan: Falls Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/falls-prevention-community-dwelling-older-adults-interventions
    July 21, 2022 - reported in studies KQ 1: Basic activities of daily living Falls Efficacy Scale Function measures … Balance Scale) KQ 2: Minor adverse events that are reported using nonvalidated and nongeneralizable measures