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101. Archived: Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Known Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/healthful-diet-and-physical-activity-for-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-in-adults-without-known-risk-factors-behavioral-counseling-july-2017
     July 11, 2017 - results, however, were not statistically significant when revascularization was removed from the outcome measure … Overall, these behavioral interventions appeared to improve self-reported measures of health-related … CI, −4.30 to −0.85]), total cholesterol level (−2.85 mg/dL [95% CI, −4.95 to −0.75]), and adiposity measures … The USPSTF found 4 trials that reported on measures of sedentary behavior. 3 Although there were some … intermediate outcomes, including reductions in blood pressure and LDL-C levels and improvements in measures

102. Evidence Summary: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/healthy-diet-and-physical-activity-counseling-adults-with-high-risk-of-cvd
     November 24, 2020 - of measure were disparate, and almost all outcomes were self-reported. … would be a more valuable outcome; however, the field lacks a consistent measure of overall optimal diet … The Healthy Eating Index is a validated measure of overall diet quality that assesses alignment with … associated with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. 254 However, only 2 included studies reported this measure … Longitudinal accuracy of web-based self-reported weights: results from the Hopkins POWER Trial.

103. JAMA JATS (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Nop5YpEpMybx_oNPKC76-X
     July 11, 2017 - including reductions in blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and improvements in measures … results, however, were not statistically significant when revascularization was removed from the outcome measure … Overall, these behavioral interventions appeared to improve self-reported measures of health- related … , −4.30 to −0.85]), total choles- terol level (−2.85 mg/dL [95% CI, −4.95 to −0.75]), and adiposity measures … The USPSTF found 4 trials that reported on measures of sed- entary behavior.3 Although there were some

104. Effectiveness of Weight Management Interventions in Children: A Targeted Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/b5LjDb3-UoPV8LEWavJWB8
     February 01, 2010 - We performed a sta- tistical test of heterogeneity (I2), which measures the percentage of variability … Adiposity was the most common addi- tional measure, reported in 5 of 13 be- havioral counseling trials … All of these measures have strengths and limita- tions. … Percentile scores are helpful when describing weight change in children of many ages, be- cause they are a measure … Quality-Rating Criteria10 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Methodology Checklists64 The measure

105. Behavioral Counseling in Primary Care to Promote a Healthy Diet - Recommendations and Rationale (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/tdMpbcxNJQ-7Tr-KV8jF3f
     January 01, 2010 - strength of this evidence, however, is limited by reliance on self-reported diet outcomes, limited use of measures … Although community-based studies have evaluated measures to reduce dietary fat intake in children, no … schools) or have used physiologic outcomes such as cholesterol or weight rather than more comprehensive measures … Studies that assessed only physiologic measures (eg, lipid levels, weight, or body mass index [BMI]) … can provide a reasonably accurate picture of usual dietary patterns, with correlations with criterion measures

106. Archived: Evidence Summary: Healthful Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary2/healthy-diet-and-physical-activity-counseling-adults-with-high-risk-of-cvd-august-2014
     August 26, 2014 - bias and whether the distribution of the effect sizes was symmetrical with respect to the precision measure … early trial, the Risk Factor Intervention Trial (508 participants), found a reduction in a composite measure … Findings of benefit on self-reported QOL measures were mixed. … Although 3 combined lifestyle counseling interventions seemed to improve selected QOL measures 45 , … However, sparse reporting of both CVD events and self-reported measures of depression symptoms or QOL

107. Archived: Final Recommendation Statement: Skin Cancer: Counseling, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/RecommendationStatementFinal/skin-cancer-counseling-2003
     October 06, 2003 - Other measures for preventing skin cancer include avoiding direct exposure to midday sun (between the … sunlight by staying indoors or in the shade or by wearing protective clothing is the most effective measure … educational interventions have demonstrated effectiveness for increasing the use of skin protection measures … sun exposure. 24 The American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) concluded that sun-protective measures

108. Archived: Preeclampsia: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/preeclampsia-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - fetus is considered to be the most definitive method to minimize preeclamptic complications, but other measures … Several therapeutic agents are being investigated as preventive measures for preeclampsia. … in pregnant women has not been determined and is left to clinical discretion it is most efficient to measure

109. Evidence Summary: Skin Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/skin-cancer-screening
     April 18, 2023 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Morbidity; mortality; skin cancer stage, precursor lesions, or lesion thickness … Measures of relative cancer survival (for example, the proportion of individuals who survive for a given … However, population mortality measures can be less subject to lead time bias and presence of overdiagnosis … of having received a clinical skin examination in people with and without skin cancer. 27 Outcome measures … The current review, which focused on measures of population mortality, is consistent with the substantial

110. Interventions to Prevent Illicit and Nonmedical Drug Use in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/oaVhMNVAnx3b5-UUunZkjr
     December 17, 2018 - Nineteen trials reported a continuous measure, most com- monly the number of times illicit drugs were … Dichotomous measures were selected over continuous measures, 1-month time frames were selected over lon … trials.26,28,56 Most general prevention trials found no group differences on mental health symptom scales … 0.08 (–0.16 to 0.00) Favors intervention Favors control Vertical dashed line indicates the overall measure … trials) in general prevention trials Group differences were rarely found for a variety of mental health scales

111. Evidence Summary: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening
     May 10, 2022 - Main Outcomes and Measures: COPD-related morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality … Outcomes of interest included mortality, morbidity from COPD, measures of health-related quality of life … outcomes (ie, exacerbations, health-related quality of life, dyspnea, exercise or physical performance measures

112. Archived: Final Research Plan: High Blood Pressure in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan6/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening-monitoring-october-2015
     September 15, 2013 - hospitalization for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, transient ischemic attack; composite measures … concordance for hypertension (e.g., r, r 2 , p-value for comparison of or difference of means) KQ 3a:  Measures

113. Final Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-or-combined-supplementation-for-the-primary-prevention-of-fractures-in-adults-preventive-medication
     June 23, 2016 - Analytic Framework † Measures … patients known to have a previous osteoporotic fracture); bone mineral density changes; other intermediate measures

114. Archived: Evidence Summary: Tobacco Use in Children and Adolescents: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary26/tobacco-use-in-children-and-adolescents-primary-care-interventions-2013
     December 11, 2012 - Interventions and measures were heterogeneous. Most trials examined only cigarette smoking. … according to smoking status, whether there was a group component or motivational interviewing, the measure … The definition of what constituted a smoker at baseline and the primary outcome measure differed among … First, there were inconsistent measures of baseline smoking status and outcome measures. … (0.49–7.32) Stevens et al, 2002 36 ‡ 3070 12 Ever smoked (specific measure

115. Archived: Evidence Summary: Harms of Screening for Breast Cancer: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-harms-of-screening-for-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
     January 11, 2016 - Studies of anxiety and pain used different outcome measures. … In addition, at least 7 different measures of overdiagnosis were reported. 19 Estimates differed in … Author, Year (Reference) Study Design Population Comparisons (Number of Participants) Measures … systematic reviews of 24 studies; 10 observational studies Fair Studies used different outcome measures … . 1 systematic review of 20 observational studies of pain Fair Studies used different outcome measures

116. Evidence Summary: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hypertensive-disorders-pregnancy-screening
     September 19, 2023 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality of life. … Included outcomes were mortality, morbidity related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, measures … consistent, reasonably precise for mental health/HRQoL Risk of bias higher for anxiety outcome measures … of the trials found differences in anxiety or postnatal depression between study groups; different measures

117. Archived: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening-june-2018
     June 26, 2018 - Central DXA measures BMD at the hip and lumbar spine. … by the USPSTF used central DXA to determine eligibility for study enrollment. 4 , 6 Peripheral DXA measures … predicting fracture risk as DXA, while avoiding the risk of radiation exposure; however, it does not measure … Central DXA uses radiation to measure BMD at central bone sites (hip and lumbar spine), which is the … , with a pooled estimate of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.94; 3 studies; n = 5142). 4 However, QUS does not measure

118. 6Jfgjyjsbmc48Mj2Uksahb (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6jFgJYJSbMc48mj2uKsAhB
     October 01, 2014 - premier/premier.htm http://www.kpchr.org/research/public/premier/premier.htm reduction in a composite measure … The results for self-reported quality-of- life measures were mixed. … Three trials of combined lifestyle counseling showed improvement in selected measures of quality of life … Commonly reported intermediate outcomes in- cluded objective measures of lipid levels, blood pressure … Participants in the intervention group also had decreases in blood pressure and lipid measures after

119. JAMA (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4_pXjq7Egjwb_vjZZT-NGB
     May 01, 2021 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality of life. … Included outcomes were mortality, morbidity related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, measures … Reasonably consistent, reasonably precise for mental health/HRQoL Risk of bias higher for anxiety outcome measures … of the trials found differences in anxiety or postnatal depression between study groups; different measures

120. Archived: Healthy Diet: Behavioral Counseling in Primary Care, January 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/diet-behavioral-counseling-primary-care-adults-2003
     June 15, 2003 - Although community‐based studies have evaluated measures to reduce dietary fat intake in children, no … schools) or have used physiologic outcomes such as cholesterol or weight rather than more comprehensive measures … of at least 3 months after intervention for at least 50 percent of the enrolled subjects and include measures … Studies that assessed only physiologic measures (e.g., lipid levels, weight, or body mass index [BMI] … can provide a reasonably accurate picture of usual dietary patterns, with correlations with criterion measures