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1. Evidence Summary: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
   March 19, 2024 - Direct or Proxy Measures of Child Maltreatment Reports to Child Protective Services. … demonstrate benefit for the active intervention group(s), regardless of the specificity of the outcome measure … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development. … RCTs 14 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 45-48 reported on child development as measured by the Bayley Scales … one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

2. Archived: Evidence Summary: Child Maltreatment: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions-november-2018
   November 27, 2018 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development. … Four trials 21 , 22 , 26-32 , 34 reported on child development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child … one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

3. Evidence Directions for Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/tpsQcTR2sDok_YELXgBHFb
   validated risk assessment and primary care–feasible or referrable interventions to direct or intermediate measures … Potential areas for research include more reliable and valid measures from youth self-report and the … Intervention effectiveness and poor outcome measures along with racial and ethnic biases in reporting … understanding of the benefits of the intervention.”1 What types of outcomes best (and most accurately) measure … Should outcome measures include those outside of the child welfare system or composite measures?

4. Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/speech-and-language-delay-and-disorders-in-children-age-5-and-younger-screening
   January 23, 2024 - CDI, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory; CSBS, Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales … CDI, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory; CSBS, Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales … 25 (study 2); (<50 words or no word combinations)   Clinical judgment on infant MSEL language scales … CDI, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory; CSBS, Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales … of Children’s Abilities; MSEL, Mullen Scales of Early Learning; NPV, negative predictive value; NR,

5. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/DPq7_eawq-Ts6XLowaTaNA
   November 27, 2018 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development | Four trials21,22,26-32,34 reported … on child develop- ment as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development (eTable 28 and eTable 29 … factors; one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

6. Behavioral Counseling Research and Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Perspectives | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/behavioral-counseling-research-and-evidence-based-practice-recommendations-us-preventive-services-task-force-perspectives
   March 01, 2014 - To complicate matters further, different assessment methods can be used to compute the same outcome measure … reported outcomes. 14 The evidence review also reported an association between the type of outcome measure … Few behavioral counseling studies are designed to measure effects on health outcomes, such as death; … and measures of health status and other health outcomes. … Pragmatic methods, measures, and models to facilitate research translation. 

7. Archived: Final Research Plan: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan141/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-june-2017
   February 12, 2015 - Do weight management interventions affect cardiometabolic measures (i.e., blood pressure, lipid levels … methods such as BMI, BMI percentile, BMI z-score, percent overweight, waist circumference, or a similar measure … KQs 1, 2 (screening): Intervention programs for diet or physical activity without a weight-related measure … Intervention KQs 1, 2 (screening): Screening involving BMI or other primary care–feasible anthropomorphic measure … measures (only when weight-related measures are also reported): insulin resistance/blood glucose/diabetes

8. Final Recommendation Statement: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/RecommendationStatementFinal/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
   March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate instruments (eg, CPS reports) are … of abuse. 1 , 21 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including … reported group differences. 1 , 21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

9. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/XGHwLrLfb_78ymEUwGF6jR
   March 19, 2024 - - strate benefit for the active intervention group(s), regardless of the specificity of the outcome measure … -21,31,39-43,49 The evidence included substan- tial heterogeneity in the timing and type of outcome measure … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development | Four RCTs14,18,21,23,38,39,43,45 … -48 reported on child de- velopment as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Develop- ment (eTables … factors; one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

10. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Primary Care Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Support Breastfeeding (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/5newnV_sfH4xnGCbpoh4Ma
    The direct effects of breastfeeding interventions on breastfeeding measures, short- and medium-term … maternal and child health outcomes, and the relationship between breastfeeding measures and these … Relationship between breastfeeding measures and health outcomes. … Relationship between breastfeeding measures and health outcomes. … is typically derived from RCTs of the targeted screening or preventive intervention that adequately measure

11. Final Research Plan: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    May 19, 2022 - ., clinical interventions + media campaigns vs. usual care) Outcomes KQ 1: Direct or proxy measures … of abuse of neglect, and parent-reported measures of exposure to abuse or neglect KQ 2: None specified … The USPSTF clarified the language around the requirement that studies must report direct or proxy measures … was considered, direct and proxy measures of child maltreatment outcomes are included and expected to … For this reason, the USPSTF is not including parent-reported punishment and discipline measures.

12. Recommendation: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate instruments (eg, CPS reports) are … of abuse. 1 , 21 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including … reported group differences. 1 , 21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

13. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary47/speech-and-language-delay-in-preschool-children-screening-2006
    February 15, 2006 - , 80 , 85 and by scores on standardized instruments, such as the Reynell Expressive and Receptive Scales … 85 and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. 80 , 93  The most widely used outcome measure … Fair Rescorla, 2001 61 422 Language Development Survey Bayley Scales … ; improvement on 1 measure for parent vs. clinician group Not reported Poor … Early language screening in City and Hackney: The concurrent validity of a measure designed for use with

14. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendaiton Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/PR7HUFdx2b_F9HvDFqz76L
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate in- struments (eg, CPS reports) … of abuse were reported, other measures, including behavioral, developmental, emotional, mental, and … none reported group differences.1,21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (eg, composite measures). … • In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across

15. Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Systematic Evidence Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cmJ4Bm9BysHuBX2Wy8MQbc
    December 07, 2005 - 78, 80, 85 and by scores on standardized instruments, such as the Reynell Expressive and Receptive Scales … , 85 and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories.80, 93 The most widely used outcome measure … Early language screening in City and Hackney: The concurrent validity of a measure designed for use … Home Parent 91% 87% Good- Fair Klee, 200060 64 Language Development Survey Infant Mullen Scales … control; improvement on 1 measure for parent vs. clinician group Not reported Poor Girolametto,

16. Archived: Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/postmenopausal-osteoporosis-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - grams/cm. 2 Single photon absorptiometry (SPA), in which radioisotopes are the photon source, can measure … In a single measure of bone density, there is a small risk of inaccurate values, and there is no value … Hygienic measures such as adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, exercise, and smoking cessation can … All women should also receive counseling regarding universal preventive measures related to fracture … Results of bone densitometry affect women's decisions about taking measures to prevent fractures.

17. Draft Research Plan: Healthy Diet, Physical Activity, and/or Weight Loss to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/behavioral-counseling-interventions-promote-healthy-diet-physical-activity-weight-loss-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-adults
    May 18, 2023 - What is the added value of measures of central adiposity in assessing the health risks associated with … Population Adults age 18 years or older selected based on higher BMI (≥25 kg/m 2 ) or other adiposity measures … waist-to-hip circumference ratio Incidence or prevalence of the following cardiometabolic conditions and measures … : Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Dyslipidemia Cardiorespiratory fitness measures KQ 3: … anxiety, and body image concerns Exercise-induced injury Self-reported weight Continuous measures

18. Archived: Evidence Summary: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening, July 2005 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-2005
    July 12, 2005 - social deprivation, and perhaps, infant feeding patterns, early or more rapid puberty, extreme birth weights … and a measure of relative weight, we have adopted the use of the term “overweight” in children as opposed … with or without weight-related measures? … Although BMI is the best clinically available measure of overweight, uncertainty in its application to … Use of the body mass index (BMI) as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents.

19. Screening and Interventions for Childhood Overweight: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6desD2XJCQKF8ZDPMS-NU_
    July 01, 2005 - social deprivation, and perhaps, infant feeding patterns, early or more rapid puberty, extreme birth weights … Methods Terminology Since BMI is the primary clinical measure and a measure of relative weight … with or without weight-related measures? … Although BMI is the best clinically available measure of overweight, uncertainty in its application … Use of the body mass index (BMI) as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents.

20. Evidence Summary: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents
    October 11, 2022 - varied by outcome measure), response (pooled relative risk [RR], 1.89 [95% CI, 1.17 to 3.05]; n = 606 … instruments, clinical response, or remission; all-cause mortality; quality of life measured using validated scales … or instruments; and functioning measured by validated scales, missed days of school, or sleep-related … Brief measures to screen for social anxiety in adolescents. … of delivery for psychotherapy interventions) Time of outcome measurement (from baseline) Outcome measure