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1. Evidence Directions for Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/tpsQcTR2sDok_YELXgBHFb
   July 23, 2024 - validated risk assessment and primary care–feasible or referrable interventions to direct or intermediate measures … Potential areas for research include more reliable and valid measures from youth self-report and the … Intervention effectiveness and poor outcome measures along with racial and ethnic biases in reporting … understanding of the benefits of the intervention.”1 What types of outcomes best (and most accurately) measure … Should outcome measures include those outside of the child welfare system or composite measures?

2. Evidence Summary: Child Maltreatment: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
   November 27, 2018 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development. … Four trials 21 , 22 , 26-32 , 34 reported on child development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child … one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

3. Archived: Evidence Summary: Child Maltreatment: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions-november-2018
   November 27, 2018 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development. … Four trials 21 , 22 , 26-32 , 34 reported on child development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child … one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

4. Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/speech-and-language-delay-and-disorders-in-children-age-5-and-younger-screening
   January 23, 2024 - CDI, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory; CSBS, Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales … CDI, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory; CSBS, Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales … 25 (study 2); (<50 words or no word combinations)   Clinical judgment on infant MSEL language scales … CDI, MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory; CSBS, Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales … of Children’s Abilities; MSEL, Mullen Scales of Early Learning; NPV, negative predictive value; NR,

5. Evidence Summary: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
   March 19, 2024 - Direct or Proxy Measures of Child Maltreatment Reports to Child Protective Services. … demonstrate benefit for the active intervention group(s), regardless of the specificity of the outcome measure … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development. … RCTs 14 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 38 , 39 , 43 , 45-48 reported on child development as measured by the Bayley Scales … one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

6. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Primary Care Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Support Breastfeeding (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/5newnV_sfH4xnGCbpoh4Ma
   March 18, 2025 - The direct effects of breastfeeding interventions on breastfeeding measures, short- and medium-term … maternal and child health outcomes, and the relationship between breastfeeding measures and these … Relationship between breastfeeding measures and health outcomes. … Relationship between breastfeeding measures and health outcomes. … is typically derived from RCTs of the targeted screening or preventive intervention that adequately measure

7. Draft Recommendation: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/primary-care-interventions-child-maltreatment
   August 29, 2023 - of child maltreatment. 1 Direct measures include direct evidence of physical, sexual, or emotional … of abuse. 1 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including behavioral … none reported group differences. 1 Of four trials (n=1,638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

8. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/DPq7_eawq-Ts6XLowaTaNA
   November 27, 2018 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development | Four trials21,22,26-32,34 reported … on child develop- ment as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development (eTable 28 and eTable 29 … factors; one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

9. Final Research Plan: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan141/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
   February 12, 2015 - Do weight management interventions affect cardiometabolic measures (i.e., blood pressure, lipid levels … methods such as BMI, BMI percentile, BMI z-score, percent overweight, waist circumference, or a similar measure … KQs 1, 2 (screening): Intervention programs for diet or physical activity without a weight-related measure … Intervention KQs 1, 2 (screening): Screening involving BMI or other primary care–feasible anthropomorphic measure … measures (only when weight-related measures are also reported): insulin resistance/blood glucose/diabetes

10. Archived: Final Research Plan: Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan141/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening-june-2017
    February 12, 2015 - Do weight management interventions affect cardiometabolic measures (i.e., blood pressure, lipid levels … methods such as BMI, BMI percentile, BMI z-score, percent overweight, waist circumference, or a similar measure … KQs 1, 2 (screening): Intervention programs for diet or physical activity without a weight-related measure … Intervention KQs 1, 2 (screening): Screening involving BMI or other primary care–feasible anthropomorphic measure … measures (only when weight-related measures are also reported): insulin resistance/blood glucose/diabetes

11. Behavioral Counseling Research and Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Perspectives | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/behavioral-counseling-research-and-evidence-based-practice-recommendations-us-preventive-services-task-force-perspectives
    March 01, 2014 - To complicate matters further, different assessment methods can be used to compute the same outcome measure … reported outcomes. 14 The evidence review also reported an association between the type of outcome measure … Few behavioral counseling studies are designed to measure effects on health outcomes, such as death; … and measures of health status and other health outcomes. … Pragmatic methods, measures, and models to facilitate research translation. 

12. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/XGHwLrLfb_78ymEUwGF6jR
    March 19, 2024 - - strate benefit for the active intervention group(s), regardless of the specificity of the outcome measure … -21,31,39-43,49 The evidence included substan- tial heterogeneity in the timing and type of outcome measure … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development | Four RCTs14,18,21,23,38,39,43,45 … -48 reported on child de- velopment as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Develop- ment (eTables … factors; one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

13. Final Recommendation Statement: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/RecommendationStatementFinal/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate instruments (eg, CPS reports) are … of abuse. 1 , 21 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including … reported group differences. 1 , 21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

14. Recommendation: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate instruments (eg, CPS reports) are … of abuse. 1 , 21 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including … reported group differences. 1 , 21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

15. Final Research Plan: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/primary-care-interventions-child-maltreatment
    May 19, 2022 - ., clinical interventions + media campaigns vs. usual care) Outcomes KQ 1: Direct or proxy measures … of abuse of neglect, and parent-reported measures of exposure to abuse or neglect KQ 2: None specified … The USPSTF clarified the language around the requirement that studies must report direct or proxy measures … was considered, direct and proxy measures of child maltreatment outcomes are included and expected to … For this reason, the USPSTF is not including parent-reported punishment and discipline measures.

16. Final Research Plan: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    May 19, 2022 - ., clinical interventions + media campaigns vs. usual care) Outcomes KQ 1: Direct or proxy measures … of abuse of neglect, and parent-reported measures of exposure to abuse or neglect KQ 2: None specified … The USPSTF clarified the language around the requirement that studies must report direct or proxy measures … was considered, direct and proxy measures of child maltreatment outcomes are included and expected to … For this reason, the USPSTF is not including parent-reported punishment and discipline measures.

17. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary47/speech-and-language-delay-in-preschool-children-screening
    February 15, 2006 - , 80 , 85 and by scores on standardized instruments, such as the Reynell Expressive and Receptive Scales … 85 and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. 80 , 93  The most widely used outcome measure … Fair Rescorla, 2001 61 422 Language Development Survey Bayley Scales … ; improvement on 1 measure for parent vs. clinician group Not reported Poor … Early language screening in City and Hackney: The concurrent validity of a measure designed for use with

18. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary47/speech-and-language-delay-in-preschool-children-screening-2006
    February 15, 2006 - , 80 , 85 and by scores on standardized instruments, such as the Reynell Expressive and Receptive Scales … 85 and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. 80 , 93  The most widely used outcome measure … Fair Rescorla, 2001 61 422 Language Development Survey Bayley Scales … ; improvement on 1 measure for parent vs. clinician group Not reported Poor … Early language screening in City and Hackney: The concurrent validity of a measure designed for use with

19. Final Research Plan: High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents-hypertension-screening
    November 01, 2018 - validity (e.g., positive and negative predictive value, likelihood ratios, sensitivity, specificity); measures … provide enough data to recreate 2x2 tables to calculate sensitivity and specificity KQs 5, 6: Measures … such as diurnal variation, or nocturnal blood pressure dipping Arterial wall dysfunction, including measures … of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index Metabolic measures, namely glucose … tolerance or other measures of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin level, lipid profile, and homocysteine

20. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendaiton Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/PR7HUFdx2b_F9HvDFqz76L
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate in- struments (eg, CPS reports) … of abuse were reported, other measures, including behavioral, developmental, emotional, mental, and … none reported group differences.1,21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (eg, composite measures). … • In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across