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61. Final Research Plan: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    May 19, 2022 - ., clinical interventions + media campaigns vs. usual care) Outcomes KQ 1: Direct or proxy measures … of abuse of neglect, and parent-reported measures of exposure to abuse or neglect KQ 2: None specified … The USPSTF clarified the language around the requirement that studies must report direct or proxy measures … was considered, direct and proxy measures of child maltreatment outcomes are included and expected to … For this reason, the USPSTF is not including parent-reported punishment and discipline measures.

62. Archived: Evidence Summary: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening-january-2017
    January 24, 2017 - This review covered a wide range of outcome measures and instruments; key measures and questionnaires … difference (WMD) between intervention and control was calculated for continuous outcomes; when multiple scales … CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS. … Type II monitors usually measure the same channels as type I monitors but are portable. … c Unlike other monitor types that measure SaO 2 by oximetry, type IV monitors may measure SaO 2 by

63. Archived: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/osteoporosis-screening-june-2018
    June 26, 2018 - Central DXA measures BMD at the hip and lumbar spine. … by the USPSTF used central DXA to determine eligibility for study enrollment. 4 , 6 Peripheral DXA measures … predicting fracture risk as DXA, while avoiding the risk of radiation exposure; however, it does not measure … Central DXA uses radiation to measure BMD at central bone sites (hip and lumbar spine), which is the … , with a pooled estimate of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.94; 3 studies; n = 5142). 4 However, QUS does not measure

64. Archived: Preeclampsia: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/preeclampsia-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - fetus is considered to be the most definitive method to minimize preeclamptic complications, but other measures … Several therapeutic agents are being investigated as preventive measures for preeclampsia. … in pregnant women has not been determined and is left to clinical discretion it is most efficient to measure

65. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Research Gaps for Screening for Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/T6auAz-64DpreTqycmvSJr
    January 01, 2001 - KQ5: Measures of academic skills or achievement (e.g., early literacy skills), parental/caregiver … is typically derived from RCTs of the targeted screening or preventive intervention that adequately measure

66. Final Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
    April 06, 2023 - Analytic Framework * Measures … KQ 1: Morphometric vertebral fractures; BMD; laboratory or functional measures of bone or muscle strength … or quality; fall efficacy measures; and basic activities of daily living. … addition of intermediate health outcomes such as bone mineral density, muscle function, and laboratory measures

67. Archived: Final Research Plan: High Blood Pressure in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan6/high-blood-pressure-in-adults-screening-monitoring-october-2015
    September 15, 2013 - hospitalization for coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, transient ischemic attack; composite measures … concordance for hypertension (e.g., r, r 2 , p-value for comparison of or difference of means) KQ 3a:  Measures

68. Draft Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
    January 12, 2023 - Analytic Framework * Measures … KQ 1: Morphometric vertebral fractures; BMD; laboratory or functional measures of bone or muscle strength … or quality; fall efficacy measures; and basic activities of daily living.

69. Reconsidering the Approach to Prevention Recommendations for Older Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/reconsidering-approach-prevention-recommendations-older-adults
    February 01, 2014 - Studies that evaluate the efficacy of these multifactorial interventions often measure more than 1 type … These measures offer important and relevant considerations for setting goals of care, but they are not … Many outcomes are continuous or ordinal measures, designed to be sensitive across a continuum, that are … of the potential differences in benefits and harms, patient preferences, and reported health status measures … ," because of the diversity in domains and measures used to identify patients at risk for falls.

70. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions for Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/myqvgr-dsW7k3eQbwj4aR4
    February 01, 2013 - Interventions and measures were heterogeneous. Most trials examined only cig- arette smoking. … We relied on measures of self- reported smoking because biochemical verification was not reported or … In addition, a sensitivity analysis of 4 stud- ies that had similar outcome measures (for example, smok … The definition of what constituted a smoker at base- line and the primary outcome measure differed among … First, there were inconsistent mea- sures of baseline smoking status and outcome measures.

71. Final Evidence Summary: Illicit Drug Use in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Primary Care-Based Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/other-supporting-document19727/drug-use-illicit-primary-care-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents
    September 03, 2020 - Nineteen trials reported a continuous measure, most commonly the number of times illicit drugs were used … Dichotomous measures were selected over continuous measures, 1-month time frames were selected over longer … trials. 26 , 28 , 56 Most general prevention trials found no group differences on mental health symptom scales … , B-weights), Cohen d.KQ indicates key question; NR, not reported; NS, not significant. a Mean value … ) in general prevention trials Group differences were rarely found for a variety of mental health scales

72. Evidence Summary: Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hypertensive-disorders-pregnancy-screening
    September 19, 2023 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality of life. … Included outcomes were mortality, morbidity related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, measures … consistent, reasonably precise for mental health/HRQoL Risk of bias higher for anxiety outcome measures … of the trials found differences in anxiety or postnatal depression between study groups; different measures

73. Archived: Final Research Plan: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/osteoporosis-screening-june-2018
    November 05, 2015 - measurement tests, or both (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, reliability) Fracture risk prediction (measures … rashes) KQ 1: Nonvalidated fractures and their related morbidity and mortality Bone density measures

74. Draft Research Plan: Healthy Diet, Physical Activity, and/or Weight Loss to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/behavioral-counseling-interventions-promote-healthy-diet-physical-activity-weight-loss-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-adults
    May 18, 2023 - What is the added value of measures of central adiposity in assessing the health risks associated with … Population Adults age 18 years or older selected based on higher BMI (≥25 kg/m 2 ) or other adiposity measures … waist-to-hip circumference ratio Incidence or prevalence of the following cardiometabolic conditions and measures … : Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Dyslipidemia Cardiorespiratory fitness measures KQ 3: … anxiety, and body image concerns Exercise-induced injury Self-reported weight Continuous measures

75. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: USPSTF Recommendations Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/PdBbRgWKPMbHfeQeHkM242
    February 01, 2010 - 1960 to 1995.1 Detection Previously, the USPSTF found adequate evidence that BMI was an acceptable measure … Screening Tests In 2005, the USPSTF found adequate ev- idence that BMI was an acceptable measure for … in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) percen- tile for age and gender is the preferred measure … children and adolescents, because it is feasible and reliable and because it tracks with adult obesity measures

76. PII: S0749-3797(01)00255-0 (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/yw_rbA_nQrCnkaN8X5t56S
    January 01, 2001 - These measures can be used alone to determine risk and the need for treatment. … overestimate CHD risk, but it is considered sufficiently accurate for use in screening.19 Combined measures … Capillary blood samples that are used to measure total and HDL-C (so-called “point of care” testing) … Accuracy of different measures of coronary heart disease risk Test Area under ROC Curvea (6 SD) Framingham-based … cohort study, that directly incorporate age, the presence and magnitude of other risk factors, and measures

77. Archived: Evidence Summary: Lipid Disorders in Adults (Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia): Screening, 2001 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening-2001
    April 09, 2001 - These measures can be used alone to determine risk and the need for treatment. … overestimate CHD risk, but it is considered sufficiently accurate for use in screening. 19 Combined measures … such as the TC/ HDL-C ratio will be less reliable than each individual measure, but it can also be improved … Capillary blood samples that are used to measure total and HDL-C (so-called “point of care” testing) … cohort study, that directly incorporate age, the presence and magnitude of other risk factors, and measures

78. JAMA (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4_pXjq7Egjwb_vjZZT-NGB
    May 01, 2021 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality of life. … Included outcomes were mortality, morbidity related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, measures … Reasonably consistent, reasonably precise for mental health/HRQoL Risk of bias higher for anxiety outcome measures … of the trials found differences in anxiety or postnatal depression between study groups; different measures

79. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ffNDS7ekxovstoCxxtLJVt
    February 13, 2018 - Central DXA measures BMD at the hip and lumbar spine. … reviewed by the USPSTF used central DXA to determine eli- gibility for study enrollment.4,6 Peripheral DXA measures … predicting fracture risk as DXA, while avoiding the risk of radiation exposure; however, it does not measure … an increased risk of fractures, although their clinical use in identifying men who need further bone measure … Central DXA uses radiation to measure BMD at central bone sites (hip and lumbar spine), which is the

80. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Coronary Heart Disease: Screening Using Non-Traditional Risk Factors | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary16/coronary-heart-disease-screening-using-non-traditional-risk-factors-2009
    October 15, 2009 - identify high-risk persons (persons with a 10-year risk >20%), who benefit from aggressive risk-reduction measures … Most studies use a hazard ratio (or other risk ratio) to measure how well a new risk factor predicts … These studies provided measures of the incremental predictive value of CAC scoring for coronary events … consensus on examination techniques and population-based standards for interpreting quantitative IMT measures … Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as