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21. Archived: Evidence Summary: Child Maltreatment: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions-november-2018
    November 27, 2018 - Main Outcomes and Measures: Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development. … Four trials 21 , 22 , 26-32 , 34 reported on child development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child … one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

22. Final Evidence Summary: Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary27/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents
    October 11, 2022 - all-cause mortality; quality of life measured using validated instruments; and functioning (validated scales … resulting from psychotherapy interventions, but this finding was statistically significant for only 1 measure … Screening for adolescent depression: a comparison of depression scales. … fluoxetine, and their combination; 1 on collaborative care) (n = 2152) Psychotherapy:    Varied by measure … difference Pharmacotherapy:    Statistically significant differences favoring pharmacotherapy for 1 measure

23. Archived: C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Coronary Heart Disease: Screening Using Non-Traditional Risk Factors | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/c-reactive-protein-as-a-risk-factor-for-coronary-heart-disease-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analyses-for-the-us-preventive-services-task-force/coronary-heart-disease-screening-using-non-traditional-risk-factors-2009
    July 15, 2008 - In particular, they did not systematically assess the degree of adjustment for standard measures of CHD … , discrimination measures, or model calibration statistics separately for models with and without CRP … They note that measures of risk reclassification are probably better than the c-statistic for assessing … Using data from the Women's Health Study, Cook and colleagues 23 demonstrated that although measures … Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as

24. Recommendation: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
    June 18, 2024 - BMI is an imperfect measure of adiposity and is not an equivalent measure of adiposity across all racial … studies with more contact hours (≥26 contact hours), the mean difference in change in quality-of-life measures … was 3.8 points (95% CI, 3.6 to 4.1) (most scales ranged from 0-100). 1 , 10 No studies reported longer-term … improvement in weight-related quality of life than placebo (mean difference, 5.3 [95% CI, 0.2 to 8.3]) (scales … The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity.

25. Screening for Overweight in Children and Adolescents: Where Is the Evidence? (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/7K93Ldpe86aLuGS65CPKYp
    July 01, 2005 - is important to note that the USPSTF did not recommend that primary care clinicians not weigh and measure … Although BMI is a convenient and widely agreed-upon measure of obesity, it is not clear what BMI at … screening for overweight in children/adolescents improves age-appropriate behavioral or physiologic measures … interventions lead to improved intermediate outcomes, including behavioral, physiologic or weight-related measures … screening for overweight in children/adolescents improves age-appropriate behavioral or physiologic measures

26. Final Recommendation Statement: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/RecommendationStatementFinal/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate instruments (eg, CPS reports) are … of abuse. 1 , 21 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including … reported group differences. 1 , 21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

27. Primary Care Interventions to Prevent Child Maltreatment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/DPq7_eawq-Ts6XLowaTaNA
    November 27, 2018 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Direct measures (including reports to child protective services and removal … Studies needed to report at least 1 direct or proxy measure of abuse or neglect to be eligible. … Child Development as Measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development | Four trials21,22,26-32,34 reported … on child develop- ment as measured by the Bayley Scales of Child Development (eTable 28 and eTable 29 … factors; one intervention may not be readily generalizable to other (pediatric practice) settings Bayley Scales

28. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00122-3 (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/hWzpnYXDpQzUr8U_5xY6qS
    January 01, 2003 - When performed correctly, sphygmomanometry provides a measure of blood pressure that is highly correlated … Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides a measure of average blood pressure over 24 hours as opposed … www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/jncintro.htm studies found that ambulatory blood pressure measure … clinical cardiovascular outcome than clinic-based approach- es.15–17 Another review found blood pressure measure … How to measure blood pressure. JAMA 1995;273:1211–8. 13. McAlister FA, Straus SE.

29. Archived: Obesity: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - that are based on percentile distributions of body size attained at specific ages. 2 An alternative measure … Skinfold thickness is a more direct measure of adiposity than BMI and correlates well with body fat content … Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. … Weight-for-height indices as measures of adiposity in children. … Use of anthropometric measures to assess weight loss.

30. Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/kXAtzuxCxKJcHK9Fg63GA3
    April 01, 2023 - BMI is an imperfect measure of adiposity and is not an equivalent measure of adiposity across all racial … studies with more contact hours (�26 contact hours), the mean difference in change in quality-of-life measures … was 3.8 points (95% CI, 3.6 to 4.1) (most scales ranged from 0-100).1,10 No studies reported longer-term … improvement in weight-related quality of life than placebo (mean difference, 5.3 [95% CI, 0.2 to 8.3]) (scales … The PedsQL 4.0 as a pediatric population health measure: feasibility, reliability, and validity.

31. Behavioral Counseling Research and Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Perspectives | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/behavioral-counseling-research-and-evidence-based-practice-recommendations-us-preventive-services-task-force-perspectives
    March 01, 2014 - To complicate matters further, different assessment methods can be used to compute the same outcome measure … reported outcomes. 14 The evidence review also reported an association between the type of outcome measure … Few behavioral counseling studies are designed to measure effects on health outcomes, such as death; … and measures of health status and other health outcomes. … Pragmatic methods, measures, and models to facilitate research translation. 

32. Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Qpv8h6ZMbYLYzakVrNQoj2
    October 11, 2022 - Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk (continued) Intervention Time of outcome measurement Outcome measure … group therapy; psychoeduca-tion for parents 8 wk to 7 mo Functioning: Health of the Nation Outcome Scales … CBT, fluoxetine, and their combination; 1 on collaborative care) (n = 2152) Psychotherapy Varied by measure … resulting from psychotherapy interventions, but this finding was statistically significant for only 1 measure … Screening for adolescent depression: a comparison of depression scales.

33. Final Research Plan: Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/syphilis-infection-nonpregnant-adults-adolescents-screening
    January 28, 2021 - Complications of syphilis infection and transmission or acquisition of STIs, including HIV KQ 2: Any measure

34. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/KT7vaWK_JSDNNvEmUAjN8d
    May 01, 2018 - Metric Used to Measure Overdiagnosis The “frequency” of overdiagnosis is generally presented as a … A measure of the frequency of overdiagnosis using the third denominator estimates the lifetime risk … cancers divided by the number of screen-detected cancers) will be higher than a measure that uses the … Both of these measures will be higher than a measure of overdiagnosis based on the third denominator … The exact measures being reported can be difficult to glean from a publication.10 Related to the issue

35. Archived: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/colorectal-cancer-screening-june-2016
    June 15, 2016 - and a more efficient balance between life-years gained and lifetime number of colonoscopies (a proxy measure … The findings for CT colonography depend on the proxy measure used for the burden of screening (number … of life-years gained, colorectal cancer deaths averted, lifetime colonoscopies required (as a proxy measure … findings depend on the perspective taken: if lifetime number of colonoscopies is used as the proxy measure … of benefits and harms in CISNET modeling when lifetime number of colonoscopies is used as the proxy measure

36. Recommendation: Prevention of Child Maltreatment: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/child-maltreatment-primary-care-interventions
    March 19, 2024 - There is no gold standard for these instruments; measures to validate instruments (eg, CPS reports) are … of abuse. 1 , 21 If direct or intermediate measures of abuse were reported, other measures, including … reported group differences. 1 , 21 Of 4 trials (n = 1638) evaluating outcomes based on the Bayley Scales … Outcome measures could also include those outside the child welfare system (e.g., composite measures) … In addition, consistency in outcome measure definitions, outcome types, and outcome timing across studies

37. Overdiagnosis in Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/16812/prostate-models-overdiagnosis/pdf
    May 01, 2018 - Metric Used to Measure Overdiagnosis The “frequency” of overdiagnosis is generally presented as a … A measure of the frequency of overdiagnosis using the third denominator estimates the lifetime risk … cancers divided by the number of screen-detected cancers) will be higher than a measure that uses the … Both of these measures will be higher than a measure of overdiagnosis based on the third denominator … The exact measures being reported can be difficult to glean from a publication.10 Related to the issue

38. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/DMDPeSf_nEUM-HrVrX6c7U
    June 20, 2017 - Clinically Important Weight Loss Research studies use a standardized measure (z score) of BMI. … This measure helps compare results among children of different ages and over time as children grow. … improvements in lipid or fasting plasma glucose levels but some improvements in insulin or glucose measures … One trial reported quality-of-life measures and found no differences between intervention and pla­ cebo … The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related

39. Txncztmvpe5Ftseqts6Obm (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TxnCztmvpE5FtsEqts6oBM
    November 01, 2015 - (A recom- mendation) The USPSTF recommends obtaining measure- ments outside of the clinical setting … Measure- ments are typically taken at 20- to 30-minute intervals. … 1.56) 1.40 (1.21–1.62) 1.36 (1.04–1.79) 1.02 (0.86–1.20) 1.13 (1.08–1.19) 1.09 (0.92–1.29) 0.5 21 Weights … adjusted) HR (95% CI) 1.17 (1.02–1.33) 1.23 (1.00–1.51) 1.39 (1.22–1.59) 1.22 (1.09–1.37) 0.5 21 Weights … the Oscar 2 ambulatory blood pressure monitor among research participants: a cross-sectional repeated measures

40. C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/khUSqr94jqWPErt9ZRnQ95
    October 01, 2009 - In particular, they did not systematically assess the degree of adjustment for standard measures of CHD … other confounding factors were included in the model; whether the investigators re- ported model fit measures … , discrimination measures, or model calibration statistics separately for models with and without CRP … They note that measures of risk reclassification are probably better than the c-statistic for assessing … Non-HDL choles- terol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and Clinical