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121. Archived: Evidence Summary: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening-january-2017
     January 24, 2017 - This review covered a wide range of outcome measures and instruments; key measures and questionnaires … difference (WMD) between intervention and control was calculated for continuous outcomes; when multiple scales … CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS. … Type II monitors usually measure the same channels as type I monitors but are portable. … c Unlike other monitor types that measure SaO 2 by oximetry, type IV monitors may measure SaO 2 by

122. JAMA (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/N5p-_zPoFQTZTvZCooqrR8
     June 12, 2020 - eye examination (for evaluation of the optic nerve), perimetry (visual field test), gonioscopy (to measure … the angle in the eye where the iris meets the cornea), and pachymetry (to measure the thickness of the … examination, including visual acuity measurement, pupil examination, anterior segment examination, IOP measure … based on several tests that, when combined, evaluate the structure and function of the optic nerve and measure

123. Archived: Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (Hypertension): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents-hypertension-screening-october-2013
     October 15, 2013 - Comparative accuracy studies that examine the different types of devices to measure blood pressure, such … Prospective and retrospective cohort studies that include blood pressure measures and other cardiovascular … Studies that elucidate the association among childhood hypertension, adult hypertension, and surrogate measures … Studies of treatment during childhood should include an assessment of medication harms, measures of long-term … As a result, intermediate measures of target end-organ injury, including physical alterations to the

124. Draft Research Plan: Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Falls and Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vitamin-d-calcium-combined-supplementation-primary-prevention-falls-fractures-communitydwelling-adults
     January 12, 2023 - Analytic Framework * Measures … KQ 1: Morphometric vertebral fractures; BMD; laboratory or functional measures of bone or muscle strength … or quality; fall efficacy measures; and basic activities of daily living.

125. Recommendation: High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/blood-pressure-in-children-and-adolescents-hypertension-screening
     November 10, 2020 - defined as a blood pressure measurement above 140/90 mm Hg. 1 , 9 Screening Tests Best practice is to measure … Various measures of association were reported across studies. … ratios ranged from 1.45 to 3.60, and hazard ratios (HRs) ranged from 2.8 to 3.2. 1 Predictive accuracy measures … increased left ventricular mass and carotid intima-media thickness. 1 , 5 As a result, intermediate measures … The associations among childhood hypertension, adulthood hypertension, and surrogate measures of cardiovascular

126. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions for Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/myqvgr-dsW7k3eQbwj4aR4
     February 01, 2013 - Interventions and measures were heterogeneous. Most trials examined only cig- arette smoking. … We relied on measures of self- reported smoking because biochemical verification was not reported or … In addition, a sensitivity analysis of 4 stud- ies that had similar outcome measures (for example, smok … The definition of what constituted a smoker at base- line and the primary outcome measure differed among … First, there were inconsistent mea- sures of baseline smoking status and outcome measures.

127. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: USPSTF Recommendations Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/PdBbRgWKPMbHfeQeHkM242
     February 01, 2010 - 1960 to 1995.1 Detection Previously, the USPSTF found adequate evidence that BMI was an acceptable measure … Screening Tests In 2005, the USPSTF found adequate ev- idence that BMI was an acceptable measure for … in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) percen- tile for age and gender is the preferred measure … children and adolescents, because it is feasible and reliable and because it tracks with adult obesity measures

128. Reconsidering the Approach to Prevention Recommendations for Older Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/reconsidering-approach-prevention-recommendations-older-adults
     February 01, 2014 - Studies that evaluate the efficacy of these multifactorial interventions often measure more than 1 type … These measures offer important and relevant considerations for setting goals of care, but they are not … Many outcomes are continuous or ordinal measures, designed to be sensitive across a continuum, that are … of the potential differences in benefits and harms, patient preferences, and reported health status measures … ," because of the diversity in domains and measures used to identify patients at risk for falls.

129. Understanding Task Force Recommendations: Screening for and Management of Obesity in Adults (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/8__HDphgyLY5sKZwnDLA4z
     June 01, 2012 - and Managing Obesity When you visit your health care professional, he or she usually weighs you and measures … Recommendation | 2 Screening for and Management of Obesity Your health care professional also might want to measure

130. Archived: Final Research Plan: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/osteoporosis-screening-june-2018
     November 05, 2015 - measurement tests, or both (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, reliability) Fracture risk prediction (measures … rashes) KQ 1: Nonvalidated fractures and their related morbidity and mortality Bone density measures

131. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ffNDS7ekxovstoCxxtLJVt
     February 13, 2018 - Central DXA measures BMD at the hip and lumbar spine. … reviewed by the USPSTF used central DXA to determine eli- gibility for study enrollment.4,6 Peripheral DXA measures … predicting fracture risk as DXA, while avoiding the risk of radiation exposure; however, it does not measure … an increased risk of fractures, although their clinical use in identifying men who need further bone measure … Central DXA uses radiation to measure BMD at central bone sites (hip and lumbar spine), which is the

132. PII: S0749-3797(01)00255-0 (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/yw_rbA_nQrCnkaN8X5t56S
     January 01, 2001 - These measures can be used alone to determine risk and the need for treatment. … overestimate CHD risk, but it is considered sufficiently accurate for use in screening.19 Combined measures … Capillary blood samples that are used to measure total and HDL-C (so-called “point of care” testing) … Accuracy of different measures of coronary heart disease risk Test Area under ROC Curvea (6 SD) Framingham-based … cohort study, that directly incorporate age, the presence and magnitude of other risk factors, and measures

133. Archived: Evidence Summary: Lipid Disorders in Adults (Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia): Screening, 2001 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening-2001
     April 09, 2001 - These measures can be used alone to determine risk and the need for treatment. … overestimate CHD risk, but it is considered sufficiently accurate for use in screening. 19 Combined measures … such as the TC/ HDL-C ratio will be less reliable than each individual measure, but it can also be improved … Capillary blood samples that are used to measure total and HDL-C (so-called “point of care” testing) … cohort study, that directly incorporate age, the presence and magnitude of other risk factors, and measures

134. JAMA (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4_pXjq7Egjwb_vjZZT-NGB
     May 01, 2021 - MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Morbidity or mortality, measures of health-related quality of life. … Included outcomes were mortality, morbidity related to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, measures … Reasonably consistent, reasonably precise for mental health/HRQoL Risk of bias higher for anxiety outcome measures … of the trials found differences in anxiety or postnatal depression between study groups; different measures

135. Draft Research Plan: Weight Loss to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/weight-loss-prevent-obesity-related-morbidity-mortality
     May 18, 2023 - What is the added value of measures of central adiposity in assessing the health risks associated with … Population Adults age 18 years or older selected based on higher BMI (≥25 kg/m 2 ) or other adiposity measures … waist-to-hip circumference ratio Incidence or prevalence of the following cardiometabolic conditions and measures … : Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Dyslipidemia Cardiorespiratory fitness measures KQ 3: … anxiety, and body image concerns Exercise-induced injury Self-reported weight Continuous measures

136. Draft Research Plan: Healthy Diet, Physical Activity, and/or Weight Loss to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/behavioral-counseling-interventions-promote-healthy-diet-physical-activity-weight-loss-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-adults
     May 18, 2023 - What is the added value of measures of central adiposity in assessing the health risks associated with … Population Adults age 18 years or older selected based on higher BMI (≥25 kg/m 2 ) or other adiposity measures … waist-to-hip circumference ratio Incidence or prevalence of the following cardiometabolic conditions and measures … : Diabetes mellitus Hypertension Dyslipidemia Cardiorespiratory fitness measures KQ 3: … anxiety, and body image concerns Exercise-induced injury Self-reported weight Continuous measures

137. Draft Research Plan: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/weight-management-children-adolescents-interventions
     February 10, 2022 - Include Exclude Condition definition Studies identifying children with higher BMI, using measures … Acceptable measures include weight (kilograms or pounds), age- and sex-normative weight (BMI percentile … adiposity (e.g., dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, underwater weight, or comparable), other similar measures … , or change in any of these measures Weight maintenance after an intervention has ended Cardiometabolic … measures (included only when weight-related measures are also reported): insulin resistance/blood glucose

138. Draft Research Plan: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/high-body-mass-index-children-adolescents-interventions
     February 10, 2022 - Include Exclude Condition definition Studies identifying children with higher BMI, using measures … Acceptable measures include weight (kilograms or pounds), age- and sex-normative weight (BMI percentile … adiposity (e.g., dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, underwater weight, or comparable), other similar measures … , or change in any of these measures Weight maintenance after an intervention has ended Cardiometabolic … measures (included only when weight-related measures are also reported): insulin resistance/blood glucose

139. Final Research Plan: Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vitamin-supplementation-to-prevent-cvd-and-cancer-preventive-medication
     September 05, 2019 - effects on main outcomes (from trial evidence included for KQs 1 and 3) KQs 1, 3: Intermediate measures … of cardiovascular disease risk factors (i.e., systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid measures, … and glucose measures), precancerous lesions Nonmelanoma skin cancer will not be considered in studies … that target populations with a history of previous skin cancer KQs 2, 4: Intermediate or laboratory measures

140. Archived: Evidence Summary: High Blood Pressure in Adults, Children, and Adolescents: Screening, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/high-blood-pressure-adults-children-adolescents-screening-2003
     April 01, 2003 - If performed correctly, it provides a measure of blood pressure that is highly correlated with intra-arterial … Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides a measure of average blood pressure over 24 hours rather … How to measure blood pressure. JAMA 1995;273(15):1211-8. 13. Birkett NJ. … Comparison of agreement between different measures of blood pressure in primary care and daytime ambulatory