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21. Noninvasive Treatments for Low Back Pain: A Summary of the Research for Adults (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/back-pain-treatment_consumer.pdf
    November 01, 2016 - � How is low back pain treated? … http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/low-back-pain Understanding Your Condition What is low back … � Acute low back pain lasts for 4 weeks or less. … Low back pain often improves in 4 weeks or less. … � What may help my low back pain in the long term? � Might medicine help my low back pain?

22. Supporting Shared Decisions When Clinical Evidence Is Low (Session III) | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/eccs-2011/white-paper
    July 01, 2019 - Evidence Reports Supporting Shared Decisions When Clinical Evidence Is Low … SHARE: Supporting Shared Decisions When Clinical Evidence Is Low … This third session addresses supporting shared decisions when clinical evidence is low. … Presentations Supporting Shared Decisions When Clinical Evidence is Low Mary C. … Slides in Text Format (PDF; 332 KB) Supporting Shared Decision Making When Clinical Evidence is Low

23. Pharmacotherapy for Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder in Outpatient Settings: Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/alcohol-use-disorders/research
    May 01, 2024 - , 0.93 (0.84 to 1.01) low SOE for no effect 2/858 NA low SOE for no effect % Drinking Days WMD, -2.3 … Days NSD NSD low SOE for no effect 3/600 NA low SOE for no effect Drinks per DD NSD NSD low SOE for … SOE 2/541 NA low SOE QoL or function NSD NSD low SOE for no effect 2/118 NA low SOE for no effect Mortality … SOE for no effect 2/240 NA low SOE for no effect Return to heavy drinking NSD NSD low SOE 2/240 NA low … 1 338     low SOE Anxiety RR, 1.98 (0.82 to 4.77) RR, 1.98 (0.82 to 4.77) low SOE 1 338     low SOE                

24. Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk Women | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/cesarean-birth-2010/research
    December 01, 2019 - Home Evidence Reports Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk … SHARE: Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk … Strength of evidence was low to insufficient for all strategies. … No approach dominated as a strategy appropriate to reduce use of cesarean among low-risk women in the … Project Timeline Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk Women Dec 1, 2010

25. Future Research Needs for Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk Women | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/cesarean-birth/research
    December 01, 2019 - Evidence Reports Future Research Needs for Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk … Future Research Needs for Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk … issues identified in the Comparative Effectiveness Review (CER) Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk … Project Timeline Future Research Needs for Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk Women … Systematic Review: Future Research Needs for Strategies To Reduce Cesarean Birth in Low-Risk

26. Pain Management Interventions for Elderly Patients With Hip Fracture | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/hip-fracture-pain/clinician
    December 01, 2019 - Background Information Among elderly patients with hip fracture from low-impact injury, mortality rates … [evidence low] Nerve Blocks: Reduce the intensity of acute pain (3-in-1, fascia iliaca, femoral … [evidence low] Skin Traction: Does not reduce intensity of acute pain . … [evidence low] Rehabilitation ,† Acupressure , Relaxation Therapy , and TENS ‡: The current … Low: [evidence low] There are very few studies, or existing studies are flawed.

27. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/genitourinary-syndrome/research
    March 01, 2025 - Placebo Low a,b Improves Very Low a,b,c  Uncertain Low a,c  No difference Low a,b  No difference Low … No treatment Low a,d Improves Low a,d  No difference Low a,d No difference Low a,d  Improves NR NR NR … Vaginal estrogen cream Low a,d No difference Very Low a,c,d  Uncertain Low a,d  No difference Low a,d … Placebo Low a,e  Improves Very Low a,f  Uncertain NR Low a,e Improves Very Low a,b,e  Uncertain Low a … Placebo Very Low a,f Uncertain NR Low f  No difference Very Low a,c,d  Uncertain NR Low a,d Improves

28. Pharma-Nonpharma-Ptsd-2022-Update-App-G2-3 (xls file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/pharma-nonpharma-ptsd-2022-update-app-g2-3.xlsx
    January 01, 2022 - C: 20% (4/20) Low No No No NA NA Low Yes No No Low High Ahmadpanah, 2014 Yes Yes No Low No No NA NA … C: 0.0% (0/28) Low No No No (CAPS) Not applicable Not applicable Low Yes No No Low Low Basoglu, 2007 … NA Low Yes No No Low Some concerns Brunet, 2018 No information Yes No Low No No NA NA NA Yes NA Low … No No No (CAPS) NA NA Low Yes No No Low Low Buhmann, 2016 Yes Yes No Low Yes Yes Probably no NA … C: 0.0% (0/27) Low No No No (CAPS) NA NA Low Yes Probably no No Low Low Engel, 2016 Yes Yes No Low Yes

29. Rapid Evidence Product: Adverse Events Associated With COVID-19 Pharmaceutical Treatments (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/COVID-19-pharmaceutical-treatments-rapid-review.pdf
    March 01, 2024 - risk Reporting RoB: Low risk Overall RoB: Low risk Pub. … Assessment RoB: Low risk Reporting RoB: Low risk Overall RoB: Low risk Pub. … risk Reporting RoB: Low risk Overall RoB: Low risk Pub. … risk Reporting RoB: Low risk Overall RoB: Low risk Pub. … risk Reporting RoB: Low risk Overall RoB: Low risk Pub.

30. CER 222: Evidence Summary: Achieving Health Equity in Preventive Services (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-222-evidence-summary-health-equity.pdf
    January 01, 2020 - Chinese immigrants Low; low Low income 2 RCTs (491) No effect in 2 RCTs Low; low Insurance status … age 1 RCT (345) Less screening for older low-income rural women Low; low Low income 1 RCT (345) No … ; low Language 1 RCTb (967) No effect on screening among Spanish speaking women Low; low No provider … and NRT 1 RCT (707) Increased quit rates among low socioeconomic status patients Low; low Table … screening rates in low-income patients Low; low 15 Preventive Service Intervention Number of

31. Executive Summary_Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 273_Treatment of Stages I-III Squamous Cell Anal Cancer: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-273-anal-cancer-executive-summary.pdf
    August 01, 2024 - Low Acute GU toxicity 1; RCT; n=585 No significant difference, imprecise estimates Low Overall … Low CRT with 5FU plus MMC vs. … Low CRT with 5FU plus MMC vs. … Low PFS, CR 1; RCT; n=940 No significant difference, precise estimates. … Low CRT with capecitabine plus MMC plus paclitaxel vs.

32. Fiber Intake and Laxation in People With Normal Bowel Function | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/fiber-intake/draft-report
    March 01, 2025 - Low solubility, low viscosity, and low fermentability fibers had the strongest associations. … Low solubility, high viscosity, and low fermentability fibers had the strongest associations. … Low solubility, medium viscosity, and low fermentability fibers had the strongest associations. … Low solubility, medium viscosity, and low fermentability fibers had the strongest associations. … Low solubility fibers and low fermentability fibers had the strongest associations with laxation outcomes

33. Executive Summary_Systematic Review: Mental Health and Occupational Stress in the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforces (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/ems-911-workforce-mental-health-executive-summary.pdf
    February 01, 2025 - distress 5 percent, high secondary traumatic stress 16.3 percent, and acute stress disorder 17 percent (low … the prevalence of high and medium general stress were 39.7 percent and 28.2 percent, respectively (low … levels of peritraumatic distress were moderate and anxiety and secondary traumatic stress were mild (low … After critical incidents, the mean levels of burnout and general stress were moderate (low SoE). … The mean levels of moral injury were moderate (low SoE).

34. Adverse Events Associated With COVID-19 Pharmaceutical Treatments | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/COVID-19-pharmaceutical-treatments/rapid-research
    March 01, 2024 - 0.14, 83.57 Low   Gupta, 2021 140/433 1085/3491 Not reported RR 1.04; CI 0.90, 1.20 Low   Hill, 2021 … RR 0.85; CI 0.44, 1.63 Low   Self, 2022 2/495 10/479 500 ml RR 4.84; CI 0.23, 100.53 Low   Thompson … RR 0.70; CI 0.47, 1.03 Low   Self, 2022 1/495 1/479 500 ml RR 0.97; CI 0.06, 15.43 Low   Sullivan, … , 2.11 Low   Korley, 2021 32/257 40/254 200 ml RR 0.79; CI 0.51, 1.22 Low   Misset, 2023 24/237 21/ … For a study to be rated "overall" as low risk, the study must be rated as low risk on both items.

35. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 241_Physical Activity and the Health of Wheelchair Users: A Systematic Review in Multiple Sclerosis, Cerebral Palsy, and Spinal Cord Injury (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-241-physical-activity-wheelchair-evidence-summary-updated.pdf
    October 01, 2021 - Low (sleep improvement) Insufficient Insufficient Aerobic Exercise Aquatics Low (balance … Gait Training Low (balance improvement) Low (no clear benefit in function) Insufficient … Low (ADL improvement) Low (no clear benefit on function) Aerobic Exercise Treadmill Low … All Types of Exercise High (walking improvement) Low (function) Low (function) Moderate … (balance, depression improvement, no clear benefit on function) Low (VO2 improvement) Low

36. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/nonpharma-treatment-pain/research-2018
    December 01, 2019 - Chronic neck pain: Exercise, low-level laser, Alexander Technique, acupuncture. … for ultrasound), which persisted into the intermediate term only for exercise (SOE: low). … Exercise was also associated with moderate improvement in pain (SOE: low). … The effect on function was sustained intermediate term (SOE: low). … (SOE: moderate) or multidisciplinary rehabilitation (SOE: low) was seen.

37. ADHD Diagnosis and Treatment in Children and Adolescents | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder/research
    November 01, 2024 - of performance varied considerably across studies, and the strength of evidence (SoE)was generally low … difference (SMD -0.36; CI -0.73, 0.01; 7 studies, n=841; RR 1.35; CI 0.63, 2.86; 3 studies, n=155) Low … intervention (SMD 0.62; CI -0.97, -0.27; 5 studies, n=523); RR 0.36; CI 0.17, 0.78; 1 study, n=66) Low … Low for no effect Modafinil vs control ADHD symptoms 4 RCTs All individual studies were positive, but … Low: Low confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect; further research is likely to change

38. Contrast-Induced Nephropathy (CIN): Current State of the Evidence on Contrast Media and Prevention of CIN | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/nephropathy-contrast-induced/clinician
    December 01, 2019 - Low-dose NAC plus IV saline is superior to IV saline (alone or with placebo) (low SOE). … Low-dose NAC was defined as 1200 mg/day or less. … ↔ – NR [evidence low] Adverse events f 12 3363 ↔ – NR [evidence low] … Low: [evidence low] Low confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect. … NR [evidence low] IV sodium bicarbonate vs.

39. Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: 2024 Update of the Evidence Base for the PTSD Trials Standardized Data Repository (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/ptsd-5-final-report-update-2024_0.pdf
    January 01, 2024 - High Brocker, 202465 Low Low Low Low Low Low Cloitre, 202466 Low Low Low Low Low Low Darvish, … Low Low Low Low Dunn, 200738 Low High High Low Low High Ehlers, 202344 Low Low Low Low Low Low … Every-Palmer, 202467 Low Low Low Low Low Low Feder, 202345 Low Low Low Low Low Low Fine, 202362 Some … Low Low Low Low Low Segal, 202031 Low Low Low Low Low Low Sele, 202355 Low Low Low Low Low Low … Low Low Low Low Low Low Watkins, 202342 Low Low Low Low Low Low Woud, 202132 Low Low Low Low Low

40. Cer-242-Radiation-Therapy-Brain-Metastases-Evidence-Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-242-radiation-therapy-brain-metastases-evidence-summary.pdf
    June 01, 2021 - We assessed the SoE as either high, moderate, low, or insufficient. … SoE; hippocampal sparing WBRT HR 0.76; CI 0.60 to 0.98; 1 RCT, low SoE). … RR 1.37, CI 0.66 to 2.85; 5 RCTs; low SoE). … SoE) or deaths due to brain metastases (RR 0.93; CI 0.48 to 1.81; 3 RCTs; low SoE). … We did not detect a systematic effect of SRS fractionation schedule (low SoE), patient prognosis (low