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21. Archived: Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women: Evidence Summary: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/screening-for-hiv-in-pregnant-women-evidence-summary/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening-2013
    November 15, 2012 - Evidence on long-term maternal harms after short-term antiretroviral therapy exposure during pregnancy … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal … For key questions related to harms and other long-term maternal and infant outcomes, we also included … Current evidence continues to suggest that the long-term harms associated with antiretroviral exposure … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal

22. Final Research Plan: Pregnant Women: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan-pregnant-women/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening
    June 15, 2017 - transmission rates KQ 5: Harmful effects on pregnancy outcomes, neonatal outcomes, or exposed children; long-term … The USPSTF decided not to add benefits of initiating long-term antiretroviral therapy in women as a result … The general benefits of long-term antiretroviral therapy will be addressed in a separate evidence review

23. Screening for and Management of Obesity in Adults: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Bd9Cgr5WNueNbmfsPxUKDP
    September 01, 2012 - Inadequate evidence was found about the effectiveness of these interventions on long-term health outcomes … potential harms of orlistat because of recent FDA reports of rare severe liver disease and a lack of long-term … Less is known about the long-term health outcomes of overweight than of obesity. … Because direct data from screening trials on long-term health outcomes (for example, death, cardiovascular … Inadequate evidence was found about the effective- ness of these interventions on long-term health outcomes

24. The Effectiveness of Primary Care-Based Interventions to Promote Breastfeeding: Evidence Review and Meta-Analysis (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6-CojmU4NZFXUKggs-_YFU
    January 01, 2010 - consultants, or peer counselors) and in a variety of settings (clinic, hospital, home, or elsewhere) as long … Effects on long-term duration were small. … Education did not have a significant impact on long-term duration up to 6 months (difference 0.04; 95% … Loh NR, Kelleher CC, Long S, Loftus BG. Can we increase breast feeding rates? … Long-term effect on mother-infant behaviour of extra contact during the first hour post partum: II, a

25. Final Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening
    December 17, 2015 - factors, or refractive error, treatment may improve health outcomes, such as visual acuity, reduced long-term … screening for amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages 6 months to 5 years reduce long-term … treatment of amblyopia, its risk factors, and refractive error in children ages 6 months to 5 years reduce long-term … head-to-head studies without an additional eligible comparison group) Outcomes KQs 1, 4: Reduced long-term

26. Archived: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening-july-2016
    August 09, 2016 - The long-term benefits and harms of statin use in children and adolescents are unknown. … Long-term evidence on the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia was limited to 1 study of statins … The adverse effects of long-term use of lipid-lowering pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modification (including … For both familial hypercholesterolemia and multifactorial dyslipidemia, long-term, controlled treatment … Because of the lack of evidence on the long-term benefits and harms of pharmacotherapy, it is not known

27. Screening for HIV in Pregnant Women: Systematic Review to Update the 2005 USPSTF Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/mTPBWPMDqfuWvodfd5R5Ms
    November 01, 2012 - Evidence on long-term maternal harms after short-term antiretroviral therapy exposure during pregnancy … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal … What are the effects of antiretroviral regimens in pregnant, HIV-positive women on long-term maternal … For key questions related to harms and other long- term maternal and infant outcomes, we also included … Evidence on long-term maternal harms associated with short-term ex- posure to antiretroviral therapy

28. Archived: Final Research Plan: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan151/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening-july-2016
    January 15, 2015 - psychosocial effects, overdiagnosis) KQ 7: All harms from lipid-lowering medications (e.g., adverse events, long-term … RCTs, systematic reviews KQ 8: RCTs, CCTs, cohort studies, systematic reviews, registry studies, long-term … RCTs, systematic reviews KQ 8: RCTs, CCTs, cohort studies, systematic reviews, registry studies, long-term … calcium score, pathological findings) KQ 7: All harms from: Medications (e.g., adverse events, long-term … RCTs and systematic reviews KQ 8: RCTs, CCTs, systematic reviews, cohort studies, registry studies, long-term

29. Evidence Summary: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening
    July 18, 2023 - The long-term benefits of lipid screening and subsequent treatment in this population are uncertain. … No treatment trials reported long-term health outcomes. … No treatment trials reported long-term health outcomes. Treatment Harms KQ5. … Blood lipids profile in hyperlipidemic children undergoing different dietary long chain polyunsaturated … Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on

30. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_ZPNC3vqdS3R-ggXro6UAM
    April 05, 2016 - Medications used to treat COPD include long-acting β-agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting anticholinergics … , and combination therapy with corticosteroids and long-acting β-agonists. … Long- term trials of treatment of COPD in screen-detected patients are also needed. … Better treatment options for COPD and long-term epide- miological studies of the natural history and … The USPSTF found no evidence to estimate the short- or long-term harms of these screening tests.

31. Evidence Summary: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
    June 18, 2024 - about potential harms from long-term use. … More long-term data are needed. … Long-term effect of the Go4it group treatment for obese adolescents: a randomised controlled trial. … Short- and long-term beneficial effects of a combined dietary-behavioral-physical activity intervention … Long-term burden of increased body mass index from childhood on adult dyslipidemia: the i3C Consortium

32. Final Research Plan: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/prostate-cancer-screening-adults
    December 21, 2023 - specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer vs. no screening or usual care on short- or long-term … endocrinological effects (e.g., bone health, hot flashes, and gynecomastia); surgical complications; and long-term … cancer in general as well as for detection of clinically significant/high-grade cancer; clarifying that long-term

33. Screening for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adults: Clinical Summary of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/3yeJ6L7nXxuVtnaU75gecT
    January 01, 2011 - Additional risk factors include receiving a blood transfusion before 1992, long-term hemodialysis, being … Treatment Antiviral treatment prevents long-term health complications of HCV infection (such as cirrhosis

34. Final Research Plan: Falls Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/falls-prevention-community-dwelling-older-adults-interventions
    July 21, 2022 - outside of the community (e.g., hospitals, nursing or care homes, rehabilitation centers, or other long-term … Institutionalizations (e.g., transition from community dwelling to nursing or care homes, or other long-term

35. Archived: Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-virus-infection-screening-2004
    March 08, 2004 - Data are insufficient to determine whether treatment improves long-term outcomes. … Gordon SC, Elloway RS, Long JC, Dmuchowski CF. … Long GS, Bacon BR, Bisceglie AM. … The long-term course of hepatitis C after kidney transplantation. … Data on long-term quality of life outcomes is sparse. 7c.

36. Archived: Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/postmenopausal-osteoporosis-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - fracture. 38 There are no studies, however, determining how well perimenopausal bone density predicts long-term … The net benefit of screening may be small if high-risk women do not continue long-term therapy, or if … Epidemiology of postmenopausal spinal and long bone fractures: a unifying approach to postmenopausal … Long term social prognosis after hip fractures. Acta Orthop Scand . 1982;53:97–101. [ PubMed ] 11. … Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized

37. untitled (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/QWUmLEKdwcYA-AKGp5dNaQ
    August 09, 2016 - diagnostic yield between universal and selective screening approaches, the effectiveness and harms of long-term … Long-term evidence on the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia was limited to 1 study of statins … The long-term benefits and harms of statin use in children and adolescents are unknown. … For both familial hypercholesterolemia and multifactorial dyslipidemia, long-term, controlled treatment … well tolerated in short- term trials.1 Overall, evidence of treatment harms was limited to only 1 long

38. Recommendation: Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lipid-disorders-in-children-screening
    July 18, 2023 - The USPSTF is calling for more long-term data on the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of … Long-term data on the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of lipid disorders in children and … Long-term data on the harms of screening and treatment. … Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. … Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on

39. Archived: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
    February 15, 2005 - The long-term harms of EVAR include late conversion to open repair and aneurysmal rupture. … The long-term harms of newer generation EVAR devices are yet to be reported. … Long-term potential harms of EVAR may occur because of device failure, which could cause bleeding into … open surgical repair remains the only proven intervention that leads to decreased AAA mortality in the long … The long-term benefits of a single scan for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) at age 65.

40. Final Evidence Summary: Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-c-screening
    March 02, 2020 - Long-term randomized trials of treatment vs no treatment would be ethically challenging and difficult … Fourth, evidence on potential long-term harms of DAA therapy exposure was limited. … Long-term outcome after interferon therapy in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C. … Favorable prognosis of chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy by long-term cohort study. … Long-term cohort study of chronic hepatitis C according to interferon efficacy.