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181. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Insufficient Evidence (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/inevidup.pdf
     September 01, 2009 - For some preventive services, the long timeline required to improve health outcomes makes RCTs impractical … Potential harms Immediate or long-term harms associated with delivering this service in routine care … The potential long-term harms of pharmacologic treatment of high blood pressure when started at a young … This conclusion was based on the lack of evidence on the long-term outcomes of treat­ ment for high … blood pressure starting in adolescence and concern about the harms of long-term pharmacologic treatment

182. Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/c-7ARQE9RuXKjjpeLABkaH
     March 01, 2007 - Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. … Reduced risk of colorectal cancer among long-term users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory … Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other chemopreventors and risk of subsequent … Reduced incidence of colorectal adenoma among long-term users of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs:

183. Archived: Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - individuals with a diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B, 41-45 but whether this results in a reduction in long-term … infection in an estimated 6,000 neonates each year. 50 Several studies have demonstrated that the long-term … Long-term efficacy of active postexposure immunization of infants for prevention of hepatitis B virus … Long-term remission of chronic hepatitis B after alpha-interferon therapy.

184. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents: USPSTF Recommendations Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/PdBbRgWKPMbHfeQeHkM242
     February 01, 2010 - In addition, evidence was lim- ited on the long-term sustainability of BMI changes achieved through behav … There were no long-term data on the mainte- nance of improvement after discontin- uation of medications … Two very small studies showed no significant differ- ences between groups.15 There are no long-term data … same-day access to a primary care physician is difficult in some parts of this country, not to mention long

185. Recommendation: Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/iron-deficiency-anemia-in-young-children-screening
     September 07, 2015 - Studies that evaluate the effects (short- and long-term) of change in iron status on health outcomes … Similarly, well-designed long-term, controlled studies that evaluate the benefits and harms of screening … Few well-designed long-term studies on the effects of iron deficiency anemia in infancy and childhood … One oft-cited study conducted in Costa Rica reported on long-term developmental outcomes and found that

186. Archived: Lipid Disorders in Adults (Cholesterol, Dyslipidemia): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/lipid-disorders-in-adults-cholesterol-dyslipidemia-screening-2008
     December 30, 2013 - Long-term adherence to therapies should be emphasized. … Over the past 50 years, there has been a long-term downward trend in cardiovascular mortality associated … Consistent, good-quality evidence from long-term prospective studies has shown that high levels of total … Long-term follow-up of the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group.

187. High-Priority Evidence Gaps for Clinical Preventive Services: 13th Annual Report to Congress (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/2023-12/2023-annual-report-to-congress.pdf
     January 01, 2023 - The Task Force has a long-standing commitment to, and specific methods for, evaluating the evidence … depression, more research is needed to better understand the effects of screening for depression on long-term … We join the USPSTF’s call for more research so that people of all ages and backgrounds can live long … otherwise specified.12 Anxiety disorders are often unrecognized in primary care settings, and years-long … Cigarroa, Jr., M.D., distinguished chair in the Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long School of Medicine at

188. Archived: Evidence Summary: Aspirin: Aspirin/NSAIDs for Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-aspirin/aspirin-nsaids-for-prevention-of-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2007
     March 15, 2007 - Finally, although adherence to colorectal cancer screening is poor, long-term adherence to therapy with … A large, good-quality, long-term followup study of aspirin use in average-risk U.S. women revealed a … Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. … Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of colorectal adenomas. … Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with long term use of aspirin: meta-analysis.

189. The Use of Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/pnyU5fxhdBUtCdvJ3GyqzR
     March 01, 2007 - Potential harms must be considered in light of the possibly long period of aspirin exposure used for … Finally, although ad- herence to colorectal cancer screening is poor, long-term adherence to therapy … Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. … Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of colorectal adenomas. … Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with long term use of aspirin: meta-analysis.

190. Evidence Summary: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/healthy-diet-and-physical-activity-counseling-adults-with-high-risk-of-cvd
     November 24, 2020 - risk calculators 19 ), presence of metabolic syndrome, or having any of multiple CVD risk factors as long … The efficacy of multiple risk factor intervention in treated hypertensive men during long-term follow … Predictors and mediators of successful long-term withdrawal from antihypertensive medications. … Effect of long-term changes in diet and exercise on plasma leptin concentrations. … Predictors of long-term weight loss in adults with modest initial weight loss, by sex and race.

191. Effectiveness of Primary Care–Relevant Treatments for Obesity in Adults: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/hbSopN6uA9u-4EQuKtRGDP
     October 01, 2011 - Indeed, antiobesity medications have a long history of removal from the market or failing U.S. … Effects of four maintenance programs on the long-term management of obesity. … Orlistat in the long-term treatment of obesity in primary care settings. … Weight reduction and long-term maintenance after 18 months treatment with orlistat for obesity. … Surgery decreases long-term mortality, morbidity, and health care use in morbidly obese patients.

192. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary47/speech-and-language-delay-in-preschool-children-screening-2006
     February 15, 2006 - measures were considered if they were obtained at any time or age after screening and/or intervention as long … As a result, long-term outcomes are not known, interventions could not be directly compared to determine … Also, behavioral interventions are difficult to conduct in long-term randomized trials, and it is not … Fey ME, Cleave PL, Long SH. … Fey ME, Cleave PL, Long SH, Hughes DL.

193. Archived: Evidence Summary: BRCA-Related Cancer: Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary17/brca-related-cancer-risk-assessment-genetic-counseling-and-genetic-testing-2013
     December 15, 2013 - Adverse effects include surgical complications, long-term physical effects, and distress. … Hopwood P, Keeling F, Long A, Pool C, Evans G, Howell A. … Long-term follow-up of Jewish women with a BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation who underwent population genetic … Psychological outcomes of familial ovarian cancer screening: no evidence of long-term harm. … Prophylactic oophorectomy reduces breast cancer penetrance during prospective, long-term follow-up of

194. Screening for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/mggnaKHr496c8QCgHe9-tm
     May 01, 2021 - Studies included treating persons with COPD with long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), long-acting muscarinic … asymptomatic adults for COPD to reduce morbidity or mortality or improve health-related quality of life, with long-term … symptomatic, or screen-detected populations to slow dis- ease progression and improve health outcomes, with long-term

195. Individualizing Cancer Screening in Older Adults | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/individualizing-cancer-screening-older-adults
     March 01, 2021 - discomfort or adverse effects of preparation), testing harms (for example, colon perforation, fatigue from a long … function is substantial and may offset modest longevity benefits. 24 Quality-adjusted survival—how long … Only 13% thought they would not live long enough to benefit from cancer screening. … Health related quality of life for men treated for localized prostate cancer with long-term followup.

196. Archived: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - These other grounds include the increased prevalence of significant carotid disease, and the possible long-term … Asymptomatic carotid bruit: long-term outcome of patients having endarterectomy compared with unoperated … Asymptomatic tight stenosis of the internal carotid artery: long-term prognosis. … Natural history of asymptomatic extracranial arterial disease: results of a long-term prospective study

197. Archived: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening-january-2014
     January 14, 2014 - The benefit of treatment on long-term metabolic outcomes in women who are treated for GDM compared with … before 24 weeks of gestation reduces maternal and fetal complications at delivery or leads to improved long-term … The studies used a variety of glucose inclusion criteria and assessed short- and long-term outcomes in … at 3 months postpartum (RR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31 to 0.79]). 1 , 10 No studies provided evidence on long-term … Mild GDM Management and Long Term Maternal and Child Health: Follow-Up of the Mild GDM Trial.

198. Archived: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-prophylaxis-myocardial-infarction-preventive-medication-1996
     January 01, 1996 - stroke and sudden death, other side effects of aspirin therapy must be considered in evaluating its long-term … older men whose risks of a first MI are sufficiently high to warrant the possible adverse effects of long-term … Wallentin LC Aspirin (75 mg/day) after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease: long-term effects

199. Archived: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - If the patient survives the immediate postoperative period, long-term survival is comparable to similar … If the patient survives the immediate postoperative period, long-term survival is comparable to similar … palpation for detecting AAA in the primary care setting risk factors for rapid growth or rupture of AAA and long-term

200. Archived: Skin Cancer: Counseling, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/skin-cancer-counseling-2003
     October 06, 2003 - rays and covering skin exposed to the sun (by wearing protective clothing such as broad-brimmed hats, long-sleeved … shirts, long pants, and sunglasses). … demonstrated effectiveness for increasing the use of skin protection measures, such as wearing hats and long-sleeve