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141. Screening for Lipid Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Summary (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/WzcBGop2UHqGdxk9y_PMF-
     The long-term benefits and harms of statin use in children and adolescents are unknown.

142. Draft Research Plan: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pregnant-nonpregnant-adults
     November 30, 2023 - observational studies KQ 1: Uncontrolled observational studies, modeling studies Timing KQ 5: Long-term … labeling, and partner discord, abuse, or violence KQ 3: Maternal and infant harms of treatment, including long-term

143. Screening for Oral Cancer (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/yvJquSQ54yDQkQqrrLroPA
     November 01, 2013 - examined whether oral cancer screening or early treatment will improve a person’s health over the long … They also found very little clear evidence on whether screening or early treatment improves long-term

144. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Summary (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/qSyg242Cz-X9DDwZg6GEhP
     detection and early intervention will yield a mortality benefit declines after age 75 because of the long

145. Evidence Summary: Prostate Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/prostate-cancer-screening
     May 08, 2018 - Is there direct evidence that PSA-based screening for prostate cancer reduces short- or long-term prostate … Most men undergoing radical prostatectomy will experience long-term sexual difficulties and approximately … Because the lead time for prostate cancer may be very long, current screening trials (with <15 years … Long-term quality-of-life outcomes after radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting: the Scandinavian … Effects on long-term prostate cancer outcomes unknown.

146. Archived: Obesity in Adults: Screening and Counseling, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-in-adults-screening-and-counseling-2003
     November 03, 2003 - There are no data on the long-term (longer than 2 years) benefits or adverse effects of these drugs. … The long-term health effects of surgery for obesity are not well characterized. … fecal urgency, flatulence, and oily spotting in 22 to 27 percent of people taking the drug. 3 1 The long-term … 25 Re-operation is necessary within 5 years in up to 25 percent of patients, and patients require long-term … the use of intensive lifestyle modification programs along with standard weight loss strategies for long-term

147. Procedure Manual Appendix IX. Factors to Consider When Recommending Starting and Stopping Times for Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-ix-factors-consider-when-recommending-starting-and-stopping-times-screening
     July 01, 2017 - Whether the natural history of the target condition suggests a long development or precursor period and

148. Archived: Comparative Effectiveness of Antiviral Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adults: A Systematic Review: Hepatitis C: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/comparative-effectiveness-of-antiviral-treatment-for-hepatitis-c-virus-infection-in-adults-a-systematic-review/hepatitis-c-screening-2013
     November 15, 2012 - Data Synthesis:  No trial evaluated effectiveness of treatment on long-term clinical outcomes. … The goal of antiviral treatment is to eradicate viremia and prevent long-term complications. … Long-term outcome after interferon therapy in elderly patients with chronic hepatitis C. … Favorable prognosis of chronic hepatitis C after interferon therapy by long-term cohort study. … Long-term cohort study of chronic hepatitis C according to interferon efficacy.

149. Archived: Evidence Summary: NSAIDs: Aspirin/NSAIDs for Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-nsaids/aspirin-nsaids-for-prevention-of-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2007
     March 15, 2007 - However, 2 long-term, randomized, controlled trials, the Physicians' Health Study 9 and the Women's … Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. … Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the risk of colorectal adenomas. … Effects of long-term sulindac therapy on colonic polyposis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115: 952-4. … Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study. JAMA 2000;284:1247-55. [PMID: 10979111] 75.

150. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Obesity in Adults: Screening and Management | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary38/obesity-in-adults-screening-and-management-2012
     October 15, 2011 - Indeed, antiobesity medications have a long history of removal from the market or failing U.S. … Effects of four maintenance programs on the long-term management of obesity. … Orlistat in the long-term treatment of obesity in primary care settings. … Weight reduction and long-term maintenance after 18 months treatment with orlistat for obesity. … Surgery decreases long-term mortality, morbidity, and health care use in morbidly obese patients.

151. Aspirin for the Prevention of Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Systematic Evidence Reviews for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Njxn2r3qtWKdBf2_VhS2Aw
     April 01, 2016 - period after initiation of aspirin therapy (ear- ly-onset: 0 to 10 years; late-onset: 10 to 20 years; long … Long-term cumulative risk for CRC death (0 to ≥20 years) was reduced among patients assigned to take … Forest plot of aspirin use and long-term (0 to ≥20 y) risk for CRC death. … We also could not address questions about how long the effects of aspirin may continue after the end … Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data

152. Archived: Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/speech-and-language-delay-in-preschool-children-screening-2006
     February 15, 2006 - results of short-term assessments of speech and language skills; however, no studies have assessed long-term … tests, compared a single screening technique across different populations of children, or measured long-term … The lack of long-term outcomes, comparison data, and generalizability limits conclusions about the effectiveness … identifying children with impairment, potentially leading to progressive speech and language delay and other long-term

153. Archived: Suicide Risk: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/suicide-risk-screening-1996
     January 01, 1996 - no differences in psychological testing or further suicide attempts between the two groups at 1 week long-term … medicolegal reasons in persons with suspected suicidal ideation, 41 , 42 but no reliable data on the long-term … appropriately underlying mental health problems such as depression and substance abuse may be effective, but long-term … Long-term follow-up of unsuccessful violent suicide attempts: risk factors for subsequent attempts.

154. Recommendation: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-screening
     May 10, 2022 - Studies included treating persons with COPD with long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs), long-acting muscarinic … asymptomatic adults for COPD to reduce morbidity or mortality or improve health-related quality of life, with long-term … symptomatic, or screen-detected populations to slow disease progression and improve health outcomes, with long-term

155. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Service Task Force (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TkWNoq6KQb3SoZ54gscLCQ
     July 25, 2016 - Third, observational studies were included on the effects of antiviral therapy on long-term clinical … Long-term results with interferon therapy in chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective randomized trial … Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B … chronic hepatitis B: a long-term prospective study from north-western Greece. … Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with interferon alfa.

156. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2GDCmTe7akyrAHsTMbfz72
     May 06, 2022 - Senger, MPH C ardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US.1 Aspirin has long … findings highly variable by length of follow-up and statistically significant only when considering long-term … Long-term use of aspirin and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. … Efficacy and tolerability of proton pump inhibitors in the long-term aspirin users: meta-analysis of … Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data

157. Final Research Plan: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-pregnant-nonpregnant-adults
     February 22, 2024 - observational studies KQ 1: Uncontrolled observational studies, modeling studies Timing KQ 5: Long-term … labeling, and partner discord, abuse, or violence KQ 3: Maternal and infant harms of treatment, including long-term

158. Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ecWjjTgXCffjwPyqgNCEpR
     February 01, 2006 - results of short-term assessments of speech and language skills; however, no studies have assessed long-term … tests, compared a single screening technique across different populations of children, or measured long-term … The lack of long-term outcomes, comparison data, and generalizability limits conclusions about the effectiveness … identifying children with impairment, potentially leading to progressive speech and language delay and other long-term

159. Archived: Aspirin/NSAIDs for Prevention of Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-nsaids-for-prevention-of-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2007
     March 15, 2007 - Long-term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and other chemopreventors and risk of subsequent … Reduced incidence of colorectal adenoma among long-term users of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: … Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer. … Reduced risk of colorectal cancer among long-term users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory

160. Archived: Evidence Summary: Alcohol Misuse: Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
     www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary9/alcohol-misuse-screening-and-behavioral-counseling-interventions-in-primary-care-2013
     September 25, 2012 - have consistently related high average alcohol consumption and heavy per-occasion use to short- or long-term … Point estimates tended toward favoring interventions, but few studies reported mortality and few long-term … Brief physician advice for problem drinkers: long-term efficacy and benefit-cost analysis. … Few trials reported mortality, additional studies would be needed to increase precision, and few long-term … A dashed line to the right connects the “intermediate outcomes” box to a “long-term outcomes” box.