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21. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Evidence Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/prostate-cancer-therapies-summary.pdf
    September 01, 2020 - We derived a priori thresholds defining “small,” “moderate,” and “large” effect sizes for benefits and … effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/cer-methods-guide/overview 3 Watchful waiting may result in moderate to large … increases in overall mortality and small to large increases in prostate cancer mortality compared with … WW probably results in small to large increases in metastases through 15–20 years. … RP probably results in a large increase in urinary incontinence and a moderate increase in erectile

22. Effective Health Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND_0277_03-10-2008.pdf
    January 01, 2008 -  Due to the large number of diseases for which HSCT is a treatment option (or experimental therapy … ), there is a large body of literature regarding HSCT across many diseases.

23. Effective Health Care (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/TND_0128_07-01-2009.pdf
    January 01, 2009 - society has publicly come out against the substitution of „A‟ rated generics, and neurologists use a large … This results in a large amount of potentially unnecessary healthcare costs/spending that is not evidence

24. White Paper: Enhancing Systematic Review Methods by Incorporating Unpublished Drug Trials (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/unpublished-drug-trials-white-paper.pdf
    December 01, 2024 - When the published literature reports large effect sizes, the need for additional data from FDA reviews … Consideration of Published Large Trials: When multiple large trials on a drug are published, the impact … Anticipated effect size Drugs with low or small effect sizes Drug with high or large effect sizes … Evidence size Few large trials published There are multiple large good-quality trials. … Searching for unpublished negative trials might be less impactful if several large good-quality trials

25. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/prostate-cancer-therapies-update_clinician.pdf
    January 01, 2016 - effectiveness of RP and WW for mortality outcomes (���), largely because of the lack of replication in two large … Evidence from two large studies (the SPCG-4 study and PIVOT) showed that metastases can be reduced with … mortality outcomes was rated as insufficient, largely because of the lack of replication in the two large … † Two large randomized controlled trials compared RP and WW and reported health outcomes.

26. Layout 1 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/osteoarthritis-pain-2006_executive.pdf
    January 01, 2006 - Most of the CV events with celecoxib were reported in two large polyp-prevention trials evaluating 200 … • Lumiracoxib vs. nonselective NSAID • Results from one large trial (TARGET) found fewer adverse GI … Large, long-term trials with active and placebo- controlled arms would be needed to assess the safety … • Large, long-term trials of the GI and CV safety associated with full-dose aspirin, salsalate, or … Cohort studies using large observational databases may be required to adequately assess CV risk.

27. BLUEPRINT FOR A FUTURE DISTRIBUTED RESEARCH NETWORK (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/distributed-network-blueprint_research.pdf
    June 01, 2010 - A large-scale distributed research network will require a substantial investment in administrative and … It is unlikely that data holders, especially large data holders, will find it feasible or desirable … Distributed Approach In principle, either a distributed network or a large centralized database could … A viable network should have access to health status, medical care, and outcome information from large … This recommendation is based on the large fraction of the population covered by these organizations

28. Executive summary_Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 264_Social and Structural Determinants of Maternal Morbidity and Mortality: An Evidence Map (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-264-maternal-morbidity-mortality-executive-summary.pdf
    December 01, 2023 - • We found an unexpectedly large volume of research on violence and trauma relative to other potential … • For outcome domains, depression/other mental health outcomes represented a large proportion of the … An overwhelmingly large number of studies used correlational study designs, and the studies that used

29. Executive Summary: Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Bone Disease: Effectiveness and Harms (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-265-radiation-bone-disease-summary.pdf
    August 01, 2023 - a Effect size: No, small, moderate, or large difference favoring SF, LDSF or LDMF (unless otherwise stated … Moderate + No evidence Pain, VAS Pain and Neuropathic Pain Scoresb (Effect Size/SOE)a 26 weeks Large … a Effect size: No, small, moderate, or large difference favoring SBRT or IMRT; SOE: + = low, ++ = moderate … a Effect size: No, small, moderate, or large difference favoring SF scheme; SOE: + = low, ++ = moderate

30. Colorectal-Surgery-Preparation Research-Protocol (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/colorectal-surgery-preparation_research-protocol.pdf
    March 26, 2013 - frequent procedure; in 2009, there were 254,000 surgeries categorized as partial excisions of the large … An analysis of claims from one large insurer demonstrated that the most common indication for colorectal … Patients dislike the large quantities of unpleasant-tasting laxative solutions required and the long … These studies are fairly large and thus have the potential to influence the analyses substantially. … Comparison of oral polyethylene glycol plus a large volume glycerine enema with a large volume glycerine

31. Evidence Summary: Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 238: Cervical Ripening (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-238-cervical-ripening-evidence-summary.pdf
    March 01, 2021 - 5% = little or no difference; 5% to 10% = small difference; 11% to 20% = moderate difference; >20% = large … <1% = little or no difference; >1% to 3% = small difference; >3% to 8% = moderate difference; >8% = large … <1% = little or no difference; >1% to 3% = small difference; >3% to 8% = moderate difference; >8% = large … Filling the gaps in the evidence will require RCTs with sample sizes large enough to evaluate important

32. Quantitative Synthesis Chapter 3. Choice of Statistical Model for Combining Studies (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-presentation-quantitative-synthesis-chapter-3.pdf
    February 01, 2018 - • When a systematic review includes small and large studies, and results of small studies are different … from large studies: ► Suggests publication bias. ► Assumption of a random distribution of effect sizes … confidence interval coverage).9,10 ► Peto method performs poorly if studies are imbalanced or have large … ► With imbalanced treatment arms, large effect sizes, or more frequent outcomes (5-10%), the Mantel-Haenszel … highest power, best confidence interval coverage) ► Performs poorly if studies are imbalanced or have large

33. Executive Summary_Systematic Review: Psychosocial and Pharmacologic Interventions for Disruptive Behavior in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/disruptive-behavior-disorders-research-executive-summ.pdf
    April 01, 2025 - ++ 9 RCTs Moderate effect ++ Parent-only Short term 5 RCTs Moderate effect + 4 RCTs Large … RCTs Insufficient evidence 1 RCT Insufficient evidence Multicomponent Posttreatment 10 RCTs Large … effect ++ 5 RCTs Large effect + Multicomponent Short term 1 RCT Insufficient evidence No … RCT Insufficient evidence No evidence Multicomponent Family Therapy Short term 3 RCTs Large … Pharmacologic interventions were associated with a large increase in the likelihood of withdrawal from

34. White Paper: Living Systematic Reviews: Practical Considerations for Adapting Scope and Communicating the Evolving Evidence (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/scope-communicating-evolving-evidence-white-paper_0.pdf
    June 01, 2025 - Considering the large amount of information being presented, the TEP indicated that the use of colors … effect (6) [+] Moderate effect (6) [+] Large effect (6) [+] High THC – Synthetic, Oral … Potential effecta (4) [+] Insufficient (1) Large effect (2) [++] Potential effecta (2) … [+] Moderate effect (3) [+] High THC – Extracted From Whole Plant, Oral Large effect (1) [ … +] Insufficient (1) Large effect (1) [+] No evidence No evidence Low THC – Topical CBD No evidence

35. Cer-242-Radiation-Therapy-Brain-Metastases-Evidence-Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-242-radiation-therapy-brain-metastases-evidence-summary.pdf
    June 01, 2021 - Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases Evidence Summary Main Points • We identified a large … Eligible studies included RCTs as well as large non-randomized controlled trials and cohort studies … varied, 25 trials were terminated early and the quality of adverse assessment and reporting showed large … Despite the large number of identified research studies, analyses were limited as studies evaluated

36. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/head-neck-cancer_disposition-comments.pdf
    May 27, 2010 - We understand that a large amount of work was put into this study and such a comprehensive document … Comments relate to the interpretation by the authors on the clinical relevance of major aspects in this large … technical improvement is not expected to yield measurable differences in tumor control, unless a very large … with anticipated local disease control rates of ~90% in the modern era, it will take an extremely large … General Comment To conclude, . . . and the radiation oncology community at-large are well positioned

37. Osteoporosis-Bone-Fracture Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/osteoporosis-bone-fracture_executive.pdf
    March 01, 2012 - osteoporosis- related fracture at some point in his lifetime.3 The economic burden of osteoporosis is large … Controlled clinical trials and large observational studies (N>1,000) that reported fracture outcomes … Controlled clinical trials and large case control or cohort studies (over 1,000 participants) that … • A large body of literature showed mixed results for an effect of vitamin D in lowering the risk … • Esophageal cancer: Four large observational studies identified for this report examined the risk

38. Layout 1 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/sleep-apnea_executive.pdf
    July 01, 2011 - Large differences compared with in-laboratory PSG cannot be excluded for all portable monitors. … The large majority of relevant trials have compared autotitrating CPAP (autoCPAP) with fixed CPAP and … • By meta-analysis, CPAP results in a statistically significant large reduction in AHI (-20 events … • Conclusion: Despite no evidence or weak evidence on clinical outcomes, given the large magnitude … • Conclusion: Despite no evidence or weak evidence on clinical outcomes, given the large magnitude

39. Executive summary_Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 274: Diagnosis and Treatment of Tethered Spinal Cord (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-274-tethered-spinal-cord-executive-summary.pdf
    October 01, 2024 - Limitations The systematic review identified a large number of studies, but the body of evidence is … Despite the large volume of existing research on tethered spinal cord diagnosis and treatment evaluated

40. Methods Future Research Needs Number 8: Framework for Considering Study Designs (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/study-design-framework_research.pdf
    March 01, 2012 - In either case, the resource requirements will be large or very large, given that the effect size between … Sample size may be very large given the increasing availability of large administrative claims and … Sample size can be very large given the increasing availability of relatively inexpensive large administrative … Size of the study sample may range from small to very large. … Study size may be small or large, depending on the intervention or the availability of data.