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41. Evaluation of the Benefits and Harms of Lung Cancer Screening With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Modeling Study for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TVsn4SVh_jtaeqSTyrz-Gp
    March 09, 2021 - Screening individuals at aged 50 or 55 years through aged 80 years with 20 pack-years or more of smoking … These risk prediction models were selected based on demon- strated ability to identify individuals at … All simulations were performed assuming that all screening-eligible individuals would undergo screening … b Individuals were followed up from aged 45 to 90 years. … b Individuals were followed up from aged 45 to 90 years.

42. Evidence Summary: Cardiovascular Disease: Risk Assessment With Nontraditional Risk Factors | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary--html/cardiovascular-disease-screening-using-nontraditional-risk-assessment
    July 10, 2018 - who will and will not have events and to reclassify individuals into clinically actionable risk strata … Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between individuals who will and will not have an event … The C statistic is the probability that, for a randomly selected pair of individuals, 1 with disease … The NRI is the sum of differences in proportions of individuals moving up a risk category minus those … nonevent NRIs (the appropriate downward reclassification of individuals not having CVD events).

43. Archived: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/human-immunodeficiency-virus-hiv-infection-screening-2013
    April 15, 2013 - Approximately 20% to 25% of individuals living with HIV infection are unaware of their positive status … Individuals not at increased risk for HIV infection include persons who are not sexually active, those … Routine rescreening may not be necessary for individuals who have not been at increased risk since they … Research Needs and Gaps Individuals who begin ART tend to continue receiving it for an extended … The effect of combined antiretroviral therapy on the overall mortality of HIV-infected individuals.

44. Archived: Drug Use, Illicit: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/drug-use-illicit-screening-january-2008
    January 15, 2008 - Since all but one published clinical trial of treatment interventions involved individuals who had already … Moreover, these treatments have been studied almost exclusively in individuals who have already developed … medical, social, or legal problems due to drug use, and their effectiveness in individuals identified … with symptoms of drug misuse are equally effective when applied to asymptomatic individuals identified … how relevant these findings are to asymptomatic populations identified through screening, as these individuals

45. Screening For Illicit Drug Use: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/Qh7NQD6ZEynjyRso7L5-gS
    January 15, 2008 - Since all but one published clinical trial of treatment interventions involved individuals who had already … problems due to their drug use, it is not known whether the findings are generalizable to asymptomatic individuals … Moreover, these treatments have been studied almost exclusively in individuals who have already developed … medical, social, or legal problems due to drug use, and their effectiveness in individuals identified … with symptoms of drug misuse are equally effective when applied to asymptomatic individuals identified

46. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_YbH4zWjUdppo-uWMUg4qC
    February 01, 2004 - The prevalence of HBV infection is low; the majority of infected individuals do not develop chronic infection … However, screening strategies to identify individuals at high risk have poor predictive value, since … 30% to 40% of infected individuals do not have any easily identifiable risk factors … Individuals with HBV infection identified through screening may benefit from interventions designed to

47. JAMA (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ymZSPeLcwZ9rxTC-7zdWbp
    July 11, 2022 - Preeclampsia incidence would likely be at least 8% in a population of pregnant individuals having 1 of … .1,8,16-18 In general, trial participants were young (mean age range, 20.4 to 33.5 years) and White individuals … Only 3 trials included majority populations of Black individuals (range, 50% to 72%).1 Studies most often … preeclampsia (pooled RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.75-0.95]; 16 studies; I2 = 0%) with low-dose aspirin use in individuals … Studies of average-risk pregnant individuals (5 trials) were in- cluded with trials of participants at

48. Archived: Evaluating Test Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Decision Analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evaluating-test-strategies-for-colorectal-cancer-screening-a-decision-analysis-for-the-us-preventive-services-task-force/colorectal-cancer-screening-2008
    October 15, 2008 - We assumed that individuals remain in their screening behavior group. … colonoscopies (by 765 per 1000 individuals for MISCAN and by 1011 per 1000 individuals for SimCRC for … For most individuals, no adenomas are simulated, for some multiple. … Individuals with colorectal cancer may die of their cancer or of other causes. … In addition, individuals with false-negative screening test results (that is, individuals with an adenoma

49. Archived: Modeling Report: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-report/lung-cancer-screening-december-2013
    July 30, 2013 - We evaluated 576 scenarios with annual or less frequent screening of individuals between the ages of … We evaluated 576 scenarios with annual or less frequent screening of individuals between the ages of … Extending eligibility to individuals with fewer pack-years—although still efficient—leads to additional … However, clinical concerns about the potential for increased operative mortality in older individuals … Of the efficient scenarios, annual screening of individuals with at least 30 pack-years of smoking who

50. Archived: Final Evidence Review: Syphilis Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-review93/syphilis-infection-screening-2004
    July 15, 2004 - The value of screening for asymptomatic infection in individuals outside these risk groups would depend … Can high-risk groups and individuals be reliably identified? … Persons in adult correctional facilities Rates for incarcerated individuals vary by sex, with median … A study of the treatment of individuals exposed to a sexual partner with early-stage syphilis compared … Can high-risk groups and individuals be reliably identified?

51. Screening for Syphilis: A Brief Update (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/8L5g-QzXLDnUofBUE457DN
    July 01, 2004 - The value of screening for asymptomatic infection in individuals outside these risk groups would depend … Can high-risk groups and individuals be reliably identified? … Rates for incarcerated individuals vary by sex, with median rates of 8.7% among women (range 2.1%–22.2% … A study of the treatment of individuals exposed to a sexual partner with early- stage syphilis compared … Can high-risk groups and individuals be reliably identified? 3.

52. Archived: Hepatitis B in Pregnant Women: Screening, February 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-pregnant-women-screening-2004
    February 15, 2004 - However, screening strategies to identify individuals at high risk have poor predictive value, since … 30-40 percent of infected individuals do not have any easily identifiable risk factors. … Individuals with HBV infection identified through screening may benefit from interventions designed to

53. Evaluating Test Strategies for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Decision Analysis (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/UPu84CV2CNuxR8kpVU6e3V
    November 01, 2008 - In brief, both models simulate the life histories of a large population of individuals from birth to … We assumed that individuals remain in their screening behavior group. … For most individuals, no adenomas are simu- lated, for some multiple. … Individuals with colorectal cancer may die of their cancer or of other causes. … In addition, individuals with false-negative screening test results (that is, individuals with an adenoma

54. Nontraditional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/_nVeFxDCT9L-_cnDf_V3fK
    July 17, 2018 - who will and will not have events and to reclassify individuals into clinically actionable risk strata … Discrimination is the ability to distinguish between individuals who will and will not have an event. … The C statistic is the probability that, for a randomly selected pair of individuals, 1 with disease … The NRI is the sum of differences in proportions of individuals moving up a risk category minus those … nonevent NRIs (the appropriate downward reclassifica- tion of individuals not having CVD events).

55. Archived: Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening-2004
    February 15, 2004 - The prevalence of HBV infection is low; the majority of infected individuals do not develop chronic infection … However, screening strategies to identify individuals at high risk have poor predictive value, since … 30-40 percent of infected individuals do not have any easily identifiable risk factors. … Individuals with HBV infection identified through screening may benefit from interventions designed to

56. Archived: Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2) in Adults: Screening, 2003 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/diabetes-mellitus-type-2-in-adults-screening-2003
    February 04, 2003 - Compared with the FPG test, the 2‐hour PG test may lead to more individuals being diagnosed as diabetic … Among individuals aged 40‐74, the prevalence increased from 8.9 percent for the period 1976‐80, to 12 … A diagnosis of diabetes could potentially cause "labeling" in asymptomatic individuals (i.e., anxiety … Diabetes screening practices among individuals aged 45 years and older. … MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high‐risk individuals

57. Archived: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication, 2002 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-use-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2002
    January 01, 2002 - Estimated rates of major gastrointestinal bleeding episodes are approximately 2 to 4 per 1,000 middle-aged individuals … (4 to 12 for older individuals) given aspirin for 5 years. 10-12 These controlled trials in primary … settings also suggest that aspirin increases rates of hemorrhagic strokes by a small amount (0-2 per 1,000 individuals … well-controlled hypertension and men at "particularly" high risk for coronary heart disease, but not for all individuals … Estimates of Benefits and Harms of Aspirin Therapy Given for 5 Years to 1,000 Individuals with Various

58. Screening for Syphilis: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TzddJozNQQZYmTohr64wMz
    June 07, 2016 - Nelson, MD, MPH IMPORTANCE Screening for syphilis infection is currently recommended for high-risk individuals … ; or the effectiveness of screening in average-risk, nonpregnant adolescents or adults or high-risk individuals … Treponemal and nontreponemal tests were accurate in asymptomatic individuals (sensitivity >85%, specificity … sexual behavior, commercial sex workers, individu- als who exchange sex for drugs, individuals who are … Additional Contributions: We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions

59. Archived: Published Response - Will Recommendations against Spirometry Make Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Harder to Treat?: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/published-response---will-recommendations-against-spirometry-make-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-harder-to-treat/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd-screening-2008
    November 15, 2008 - The USPSTF's review of the evidence 2  found that for more than 90% of individuals without respiratory … Even accounting for the few individuals who might gain symptomatic relief from medications, several hundred

60. Benefits and Harms of Computed Tomography Lung Cancer Screening Programs for High Risk Populations (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/RkeQEwKRWULreuWecXG8S-
    July 01, 2013 - We evaluated 576 scenarios with annual or less frequent screening of individuals between the ages of … Extending eligibility to individuals with fewer pack-years—although still efficient—leads to additional … Efficient programs that screened individuals with lighter smoking histories were more likely to be … The A60-80-20-25 scenario, which extends eligibility to individuals with fewer pack-years, is still … Of the efficient scenarios, annual screening of individuals with at least 30 pack-years of smoking