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81. Finding Evidence for Comparing Medical Interventions (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-finding-evidence_methods.pdf
    January 01, 2011 - inclusion, all available medical and statistical reviews for all drugs under consideration, regardless of indication … the database, but also because the actual clinical data within the reviews may cover more than one indication … and harms data are of importance regardless of indication. … effectiveness.53 While a search for studies about effectiveness would include only studies of the indication … interest, harms data should not be limited in this way; data about harms is of interest regardless of indication

82. An analytical framework for quantifying components of variability in prescriber decisions (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/instrumental-variable-methods_research.pdf
    April 01, 2010 - medication is used preferentially in patients with the poorest prognosis, confounding by unmeasured indication … occur if there were an unmeasured variable that was a component of both 1 and 2—e.g., an unrecorded indication … Here, substantial uncontrolled confounding is likely due to confounding by indication or confounding … Combining ecological and individual variables to reduce confounding by indication: case study--subarachnoid … Confounding by indication. Epidemiology 1996;7:335-336. 56. Angrist JD, Krueger AB.

83. Maternal and Fetal Effects of Mental Health Treatments in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Interventions (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/protocol-pharm-pregnant-women_0.pdf
    December 05, 2018 - evidence on psychotropic medications in pregnant or breastfeeding women is “historically lacking” for any indication … However, confounding by indication and underlying disease severity remain concerns. … comparison cohorts, and statistical testing.36 All observational studies are subject to confounding by indication—that … who are not receiving treatment.37 However, this approach does not entirely address confounding by indication

84. PEPTIC ULCER #11 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/peptic-ulcer-horizon-scan-high-impact-1506.pdf
    June 01, 2015 - For this indication, rifaximin’s FDA-approved, labeling recommends one 550 mg tablet, taken 3 times … However, alosetron has a labeled indication for use only in women. … .1,10-13 Before rifaximin’s May 2015 approval, only one drug, alosetron, had an FDA-approved, labeled indication

85. Horizon Scanning_Rapid Cost Analyses of Selected Potential High-Impact Intervention Reports (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/horizon-scan_research-2015.pdf
    January 01, 2015 - For example, in considering a new transcathether cardiac valve in development for a new clinical indication … median progression-free survival benefit of weeks to a benefit of months or years, depending on the indication … However, this estimate assumes pembrolizumab receives an additional indication as first-line treatment … Thus, its use is off-label for this indication. … ; however, another manufacturer continues to develop the Libra device for this indication.

86. Cancer-Drugs-Utilization Research (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/cancer-drugs-utilization_research.pdf
    January 01, 2011 - with erlotinib orders had a prior cancer diagnosis indicative of its use in lung cancer (a labeled indication … 165.x) in 84 percent of beneficiaries with an order for the biologic, indicative of its labeled indication

87. Layout 1 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/ischemic-stroke-treatment_executive.pdf
    January 01, 2011 - Neurothrombectomy devices in use Company In Clinical Device Class Name FDA Indication Use? … Neurothrombectomy devices in use (continued) Company In Clinical Device Class Name FDA Indication Use

88. Siminoff_ECCS2012 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/siminoff_eccs2012.pdf
    January 01, 2012 - ”    “Blood in  the stool  is an indication  of several  serious diseases.”  The most common

89. Arthritis and Nontraumatic Joint Disease (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/arthritis-horizon-scan-high-impact-1512.pdf
    December 29, 2015 - 6 Because secukinumab is approved for treating plaque psoriasis, its cost is available for that indication … DMARDs, or TNF inhibitor therapy.9 The company submitted global regulatory submissions for an AS indication … , as well as a psoriatic arthritis indication, in 2015.10 In January 2015, the U.S. … as well as an ankylosing spondylitis (AS) indication.10 In January 2015, FDA approved secukinumab … yet approved for treating PsA, no coverage, coding, or payment information is available for this indication

90. 8 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/methodsguide_chou_assessing_harms_when_comparing.pdf
    November 01, 2008 - For unexpected adverse events, for example, confounding by indication may not be as important an issue … Such ―confounding by indication‖ led to the appearance of an apparent association between selective … an important limitation of uncontrolled studies is that it is difficult to evaluate confounding by indication … Assessment and control for confounding by indication in observational studies.

91. 8 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-harms_methods.pdf
    November 01, 2008 - For unexpected adverse events, for example, confounding by indication may not be as important an issue … Such ―confounding by indication‖ led to the appearance of an apparent association between selective … an important limitation of uncontrolled studies is that it is difficult to evaluate confounding by indication … Assessment and control for confounding by indication in observational studies.

92. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/vte-prophyalaxis_research-protocol.pdf
    March 01, 2011 - United States and either are FDA approved for VTE prophylaxis or are being used off label for this indication … aspirin and clopidogrel, as well as the anticoagulant warfarin, which may be used off label for this indication … , 2012 Table 1: Pharmacologic agents and medical devices approved in the United States for some indication … BID (30 mg for renal impairment) Sanofi-Aventis; generic from Sandoz (2010) 1993 Dosing indication

93. Comparative Effectiveness Reiew 243_Prehospital Airway Management: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-243-prehospital-airway-management-evidence-summary_0.pdf
    June 01, 2021 - The most important limitations were weaker observational study designs, rendering them vulnerable to indication

94. CER 215 Adverse Effects of Pharmacologic Treatments of Major Depression in Older Adults (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-215-depression-older-adults-comments.pdf
    March 28, 2019 - Thus, the authors conclude “As this is an observational study, it is susceptible to confounding by indication … #2 Discussion No, the implications are not balanced by a further discussion of confounding by indication … discussion, findings relative to what is known section, regarding the concept of confounding by indication … My biggest concern is that there is little to no mention of confounding by indication. … discussion, findings relative to what is known section, regarding the concept of confounding by indication

95. S58 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s58.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - Techniques such as propensity scoring and instrumental variables can help reduce confounding by indication … address bias due to unob- served clinical factors motivating prescription of treatments (“confounding by indication … treatment patterns that can be calculated from Medicaid data are probably less subject to confounding by indication

96. Disposition of Comments Report for Imaging Techniques for Treatment Evaluation for Metastatic Breast Cancer (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/breast-cancer-imaging_disposition-comments.pdf
    October 01, 2014 - Under “Indication for Imaging”, a criterion for exclusion is “Imaging used to detect recurrence following … There is no indication in the report, however, as to how these studies should be performed. … As this Brief reports, very little evidence exists on the use of imaging for this indication in this

97. PULMONARY with "Discussions" in Exec Summary (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/13_pulmonary_potential_high_impact_2012-12-11.pdf
    January 01, 2012 - mutation occurs in about 70% of patients with CF, giving ivacaftor the potential for a much broader indication … G551S, G970R, G1244E, S1251N, S1255P, or G1349D. 8,9 Thus, ivacaftor may gain a broader patient indication

98. renal-update-2015-150115 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/renal-update_research-protocol.pdf
    January 15, 2015 - now allow studies in which patients receive renal artery and aortic surgery, as long as the primary indication … e.g., “drive-by” angioplasty during coronary artery angiography, RAS angioplasty done as a secondary indication

99. Project Title: Evaluation of Suspicious Skin Lesions Using Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques, a Technical Brief (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/skin-lesions-evaluation_research-protocol.pdf
    August 23, 2010 - Provide a synthesis of the following information: i Indication/patient inclusion criteria ii Type

100. Cancer-Anemia-Update Executive (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cancer-anemia-update_executive.pdf
     April 01, 2013 - Although radiotherapy is not an FDA-approved indication for ESA use, those results were included because