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101. PEPTIC ULCER #11 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pepticulcer_hi_impact.pdf
     January 01, 2012 - In August 2011, NPS began submitting data for a new drug application to FDA for the same indication … patient education would be necessary before this intervention would become widely diffused for this indication … SBS. 21 In August 2011, NPS began submitting data for a new drug application to FDA for the same indication … and completed the submission in December. 21 Teduglutide is not approved for any indication by the

102. Use of Observational Studies in Systematic Reviews of (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-observational-studies_methods.pdf
     June 01, 2010 - important reasons for physicians to assign different treatments, selection bias is called “confounding by indication … ” (Table 2, example 6).23 Confounding by indication is a common problem in pharmacoepidemiological studies … from experts, the authors determined that there were few (if any) RCTs on the use of heparin for this indication … Potential selection bias: confounding by indication Carvedilol is an expensive, proprietary beta-blocker

103. Future Research Needs for Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation in the Pediatric Population (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/stem-cell-children-future_research.pdf
     February 01, 2012 - Conclusions for Each Indication in the BCBSA TEC Draft HSCT CER: Single HSCT Versus Conventional Therapy … These gaps are crosscutting in that they apply to more than one indication for HSCT. … Conclusions for each indication in the BCBSA TEC Draft HSCT CER: Single HSCT versus conventional therapy … These diseases, or the specific indication within these diseases, all are rare. … These gaps are crosscutting in that they apply to more than one indication for HSCT.

104. Tonsillectomy Research-Protocol (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/tonsillectomy_research-protocol.pdf
     February 10, 2016 - Choice  of   technique  may  depend  on  factors  including  the  underlying  indication  for  surgery … Regardless  of  indication,  age  may  affect  outcomes  markedly  in  tonsillectomy;;  younger  children … Other  comments  suggested  presenting  results  by   subgroup  when  possible  (e.g.,  indication  for … growth  information,   and  conditions  such  as  Down  Syndrome     •   Operational  definition  of  indication … important  to  describe  will  include  age,  BMI,  variability  in  definition  or   characterization  of  indication

105. Layout 1 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/recombinant-factor-viia_executive.pdf
     May 01, 2010 - Analysis We classified hospitalizations where rFVIIa use was reported into discrete, mutually exclusive indication … denominator of potential rFVIIa usage (i.e., total number of patients eligible for use) by specific clinical indication … evaluated the applicability to real-world practice of the total body of evidence within a given clinical indication … thereby compromised by small study size, use of indirect outcomes, and heterogeneity in dosage and indication … diminished by less acutely ill patients and a mismatch between existing research and real-world patterns of indication

106. Layout 1 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer18-heart-disease-ace-inhibitor-arb-executive.pdf
     October 01, 2009 - inhibitor (ramipril) and ARB (telmisartan) therapy are directly compared, there is a nonsignificant indication … combination therapy with ACE inhibitors and ARBs (ramipril + telmisartan), there is a nonsignificant indication … combination therapy with ACE inhibitors and ARBs (ramipril + telmisartan), there is a nonsignificant indication … inhibitor (ramipril) and ARB (telmisartan) therapy are directly compared, there is a nonsignificant indication … combination therapy with ACE inhibitors and ARBs (ramipril + telmisartan), there is a nonsignificant indication

107. #05 DEPRESSION (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/05_depression_potential_high_impact_june_2012.pdf
     January 01, 2012 - exemption approval for OCD, which marked the first FDA approval of any DBS device for a psychiatric indication … drug and improve the efficacy ‘signal.’ ” 6 FDA has granted the agent fast track status for this indication … device exemption, which was the first FDA approval of any kind for a DBS device for a psychiatric indication … sometimes abused as a street drug (“Special K”), which may affect the regulatory pathway for this indication … HDE approval to commercialize the first deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy for a psychiatric indication

108. #05 DEPRESSION (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/depression_hi_impact.pdf
     October 01, 2014 - Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of any DBS device for a psychiatric indication. … device exemption, which was the first FDA approval of any kind for a DBS device for a psychiatric indication … These experts were confident that, if available for use in this indication, ketamine has potential … clinically significant blood pressure increases.” 54 Although MAPS is conducting the studies for this indication … HDE approval to commercialize the first deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy for a psychiatric indication

109. Maternal and Fetal Effects of Mental Health Treatments in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Interventions | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/mental-health-pregnancy/protocol
     January 11, 2019 - evidence on psychotropic medications in pregnant or breastfeeding women is "historically lacking" for any indication … However, confounding by indication and underlying disease severity remain concerns. … comparison cohorts, and statistical testing. 36 All observational studies are subject to confounding by indication—that … who are not receiving treatment. 37 However, this approach does not entirely address confounding by indication

110. Maternal and Fetal Effects of Mental Health Treatments in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women: A Systematic Review of Pharmacological Interventions (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/protocol-pharm-pregnant-women_0.pdf
     December 05, 2018 - evidence on psychotropic medications in pregnant or breastfeeding women is “historically lacking” for any indication … However, confounding by indication and underlying disease severity remain concerns. … comparison cohorts, and statistical testing.36 All observational studies are subject to confounding by indication—that … who are not receiving treatment.37 However, this approach does not entirely address confounding by indication

111. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/atypical-antipsychotics-off-label-update_disposition-comments.pdf
     September 01, 2011 - Each of the target populations for each reviewed indication is explicitly defined. … the data were primarily taken from industry-sponsored clinical trials for one drug for one specific indication … comment, but left the data in the report since other atypicals have not been FDA approved for this indication … Similarly, our summary table of benefits (Table 1) lists each drug seperately for each indication.

112. Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 1-3: Screening, Monitoring, and Treatment (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/kidney-disease-medicine_disposition-comments.pdf
     August 01, 2012 - for their use; and second that, among patients with another indication, those with CKD have a relatively … One could argue that if patients are being treated for a non-CKD indication (e.g. hypertension) and … are not at treatment goal for that indication, no additional information regarding CKD status should … As stated above, if patients are being treated for a non-CKD indication (e.g. … hypertension) and are not at treatment goal for that indication, no additional information regarding

113. Disposition of Comments Report for Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Treatments for Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/angina-heart-attack-treatments_disposition-comments.pdf
     January 01, 2014 - I couldn’t find an indication that outcome definitions were assessed for rigidity or consistency (MI … for apixaban, rivaroxaban and dabigatran because the question clearly stated “In patients with an indication … We have kept prasugrel in the table since it was studied for this indication. … We have kept prasugrel in the table since it was studied for this indication. … We did not have a Key Question regarding the use of oral anticoagulation (without an indication for

114. Vte-Prophyalaxis Executive (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/vte-prophyalaxis_executive.pdf
     May 01, 2013 - States, and are either FDA approved for VTE prophylaxis or are used off label by clinicians for this indication … and clopidogrel; as well as the anticoagulant warfarin, which clinicians may use off label for this indication … The greatest risk to their validity was confounding by indication in that the sicker patients received … information that would need to be captured would be filter-related information including timing, indication … Future research using high-quality observational studies that control for confounding by indication,

115. #05 DEPRESSION (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/depression-horizon-scan-high-impact-1412.pdf
     December 01, 2014 - , one manufacturer is studying esketamine, the purified (S)-enantiomer form of ketamine, for this indication … No scopolamine manufacturers are sponsoring registered clinical trials for this indication. … FDA has granted fast-track status to esketamine for this indication, and Janssen plans to also apply … behaviors, and delusions.67,76,77 Three registered clinical trials are ongoing for this off-label indication … Five experts, with clinical and research backgrounds, commented on off-label scopolamine for this indication

116. Instrumental Variable Methods in Comparative Safety and Effectiveness Research | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/instrumental-variable-methods/research
     May 14, 2010 - medication is used preferentially in patients with the poorest prognosis, confounding by unmeasured indication … there were an unmeasured variable that was a component of both ε 1 and ε 2 —e.g., an unrecorded indication … Here, substantial uncontrolled confounding is likely due to confounding by indication or confounding … Combining ecological and individual variables to reduce confounding by indication: case study--subarachnoid … Confounding by indication. Epidemiology 1996;7:335-336. 56. Angrist JD, Krueger AB.

117. Finding Evidence for Comparing Medical Interventions (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-finding-evidence_methods.pdf
     January 01, 2011 - inclusion, all available medical and statistical reviews for all drugs under consideration, regardless of indication … the database, but also because the actual clinical data within the reviews may cover more than one indication … and harms data are of importance regardless of indication. … effectiveness.53 While a search for studies about effectiveness would include only studies of the indication … interest, harms data should not be limited in this way; data about harms is of interest regardless of indication

118. An analytical framework for quantifying components of variability in prescriber decisions (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/instrumental-variable-methods_research.pdf
     April 01, 2010 - medication is used preferentially in patients with the poorest prognosis, confounding by unmeasured indication … occur if there were an unmeasured variable that was a component of both 1 and 2—e.g., an unrecorded indication … Here, substantial uncontrolled confounding is likely due to confounding by indication or confounding … Combining ecological and individual variables to reduce confounding by indication: case study--subarachnoid … Confounding by indication. Epidemiology 1996;7:335-336. 56. Angrist JD, Krueger AB.

119. PEPTIC ULCER #11 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/peptic-ulcer-horizon-scan-high-impact-1506.pdf
     June 01, 2015 - For this indication, rifaximin’s FDA-approved, labeling recommends one 550 mg tablet, taken 3 times … However, alosetron has a labeled indication for use only in women. … .1,10-13 Before rifaximin’s May 2015 approval, only one drug, alosetron, had an FDA-approved, labeled indication

120. Siminoff_ECCS2012 (pdf file)
     effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/siminoff_eccs2012.pdf
     January 01, 2012 - ”    “Blood in  the stool  is an indication  of several  serious diseases.”  The most common