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1. Chicago-Area DEcIDE Center (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/off-label-use-research-priorities_research.pdf
   May 01, 2009 - ICD-9 code did not match with an FDA approved indication for the drug. … to support common use for the other indication. … Off- label Indication Third Most Common Off-label Indication 1 quetiapine Schizophrenia Bipolar … c The number of uses for this off-label drug indication exceeded that for its most common on-label indication … and diagnosis where a non-specific diagnosis was used and the indication was quite specific.

2. Slide 1
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/comparator-selection-in-observational-chapter-5.pptx
   January 01, 2013 - There is potential for confounding by indication or severity and selection bias associated with different … on indication or severity is unmeasured. … Even in analyses using calendar time as an instrumental variable, confounding by indication may still … Indication Another treatment used for the same indication as the exposure treatment typically is used … will often have to be ensured by defining the indication and restricting the study population.

3. Ch 5-User-Guide-To-Ocer 130129 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/ch_5-user-guide-to-ocer_130129.pdf
   January 01, 2012 - Confounding by indication can be minimized by choosing a comparator that has the same indication, similar … Other aspects to consider when choosing a comparator include clearly defining the indication, initiation … information on indication or severity is unmeasured. … will often have to be ensured by defining the indication and restricting the study population. … Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of epidemiologic terminology.

4. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 234 Evidence Summary: Management of Primary Headaches in Pregnancy (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/cer-234-headaches-pregnancy-summary.pdf
   November 01, 2020 -  Systematic reviews of harms (regardless of indication) report that acetaminophen, prednisolone, indomethacin … , we also searched for relevant SRs of interventions in women in the same phase, regardless of the indication … We identified indirect evidence (i.e., systematic reviews regardless of indication) that the following … We also identified indirect evidence (i.e., systematic reviews regardless of indication) that antihistamines … We identified indirect evidence (i.e., systematic reviews regardless of indication) that use of the

5. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 234 Evidence Summary: Management of Primary Headaches in Pregnancy (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-234-headaches-pregnancy-summary.pdf
   November 01, 2020 -  Systematic reviews of harms (regardless of indication) report that acetaminophen, prednisolone, indomethacin … , we also searched for relevant SRs of interventions in women in the same phase, regardless of the indication … We identified indirect evidence (i.e., systematic reviews regardless of indication) that the following … We also identified indirect evidence (i.e., systematic reviews regardless of indication) that antihistamines … We identified indirect evidence (i.e., systematic reviews regardless of indication) that use of the

6. Developing Evidence-Based Research Priorities for Off-Label Drug Use | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/off-label-use-research-priorities/research
   June 29, 2009 - Once approval for an indication is given, however, the FDA has a minimal role in determining whether … ICD-9 code did not match with an FDA approved indication for the drug. … to support common use for the other indication. … Off-label Indication Third Most Common Off-label Indication Footnotes: Diagnoses that were not … The number of uses for this off-label drug indication exceeded that for its most common on-label indication

7. Quantitative Synthesis II: Interactive Quiz (ppt file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/selecting-evidence-quiz.ppt
   September 02, 2013 - What is confounding by indication? … Assessing Bias in Observational Studies Assessing Bias in Observational Studies What is confounding by indication … Confounding by indication is a type of selection bias that occurs when study groups differ because they … It is often difficult to adjust for confounding by indication in analyses; therefore, studies with a … Studies with a high risk of bias due to confounding by indication are usually not suitable for inclusion

8. Quantitative Synthesis II: Interactive Quiz (ppt file)
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/selecting-evidence-quiz.ppt
   September 02, 2013 - What is confounding by indication? … Assessing Bias in Observational Studies Assessing Bias in Observational Studies What is confounding by indication … Confounding by indication is a type of selection bias that occurs when study groups differ because they … It is often difficult to adjust for confounding by indication in analyses; therefore, studies with a … Studies with a high risk of bias due to confounding by indication are usually not suitable for inclusion

9. Topic Suggestion Description | Effective Health Care Program
   effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/updating-treatments-fecal-incontinence-viii
   March 31, 2021 - been other bulking agents have not been studied to this degree or achieved approval by FDA for this indication … separate and distinct from that for other bulking agents, as none of the other approved by FDA for this indication

10. Topic Suggestion Description | Effective Health Care Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/update-treatments-fecal-incontinence
    March 15, 2021 - Moreover, other bulking agents have not been studied to this degree or achieved approval by FDA for this indication … separate and distinct from that for other bulking agents, as none of the other approved by FDA for this indication

11. Topic Suggestion Description | Effective Health Care Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/updating-treatments-fecal-incontinence-ix
    March 15, 2021 - Moreover, other bulking agents have not been studied to this degree or achieved approval by FDA for this indication … separate and distinct from that for other bulking agents, as none of the other approved by FDA for this indication

12. Topic Suggestion Description | Effective Health Care Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/update-treatments-fecal-incontinence-ii
    March 15, 2021 - Moreover, other bulking agents have not been studied to this degree or achieved approval by FDA for this indication … separate and distinct from that for other bulking agents, as none of the other approved by FDA for this indication

13. Effectiveness of Medical Therapy, Endovascular Therapy, and Surgery for Peripheral Arterial Disease | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/peripheral-artery-disease-effectiveness/abstract
    February 08, 2011 - endovascular approaches will focus on the chart review sample where critical factors such as procedure indication … Adjusting for confounding will include stratification by key variables (i.e. procedure indication) as

14. S13 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s13.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - vulnerable to random error, or confounding by a variable such as another drug, a disease, or the drug indication … stud- ies of the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals, present unique challenges involving confounding by indication … .12 People who receive a drug are different from people who do not, in that they have an indication for … This indication is commonly associated with the outcome under study, so unless the indication can be … Complete measurement of confound- ing by indication in this situation, on a longitudinal basis, is extraordinarily

15. Stem-Cell-Children Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/stem-cell-children_executive.pdf
    February 01, 2012 - They are distinguished in each by the specific indication and the type of transplant procedure, as … They are distinguished in each by the specific indication and the type of transplant procedure, as … Pediatric HSCT indications to be addressed with narrative review (continued) Type Disease Indication … Pediatric HSCT indications to be addressed with narrative review (continued) Type Disease Indication … The strength of the body of evidence for each indication was assessed.

16. Disposition of Comments for Progestogens for Prevention of Preterm Birth (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/progestogens-preterm-birth-disposition-121205.pdf
    September 07, 2012 - The review now includes a meta-analysis by indication. … The review now includes a meta-analysis by indication. … Across other forms, the studies lack similarity in indication and use. … Indication appears to have more weight than formulation as all formulation. … None of the tables make this indication either.

17. Biologic and Nonbiologic Systemic Agents and Phototherapy for Treatment of Chronic Plaque Psoriasis | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/psoriasis-chronic/research-protocol
    September 27, 2011 - 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia Currently available; not currently being developed for this indication … † FDA indication as listed on the 510K preapproval documentation. … Only studies that evaluate interventions and comparators with a current indication approved by the U.S … For agents with an FDA-approved indication for the treatment of psoriasis, a search for completed trials … For agents with an FDA-approved indication for the treatment of psoriasis, a search for completed trials

18. Slide 1
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/study-design-considerations-chapter-2.pptx
    January 01, 2013 - Confounding by indication leads to higher propensity for/more intensive treatment in those with the most … Confounding by indication leads to higher propensity for treatment or more intensive treatment in those … or an indication with a similar potential for confounding. … A comparator treatment within the same indication is likely to reduce the potential for bias from both … confounding by indication and confounding by frailty.

19. Topic Suggestion Description | Effective Health Care Program
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/updating-treatments-fecal-incontinence-vi
    March 15, 2021 - Moreover, other bulking agents have not been studied to this degree or achieved approval by FDA for this indication … from that for other bulking agents, as none of the other bulking agents are approved by FDA for this indication

20. Evidence-based Practice Center Systematic Review Protocol (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/psoriasis-chronic_research-protocol.pdf
    January 10, 2012 - † FDA indication as listed on the 510K preapproval documentation. … Only studies that evaluate interventions and comparators with a current indication approved by thus … For agents with an FDA-approved indication for the treatment of psoriasis, a search for completed trials … For agents with an FDA-approved indication for the treatment of psoriasis, a search for completed … approved indication for the treatment of psoriasis, a search for completed trials with posted results