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1. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Screening and Supplementation for Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia During Pregnancy (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/aRJ-3-AWuVvmC_kmoGCVHp
   Observational studies, including those embedded within clinical trials (sufficiently powered to include … no screening comparison KQ1: Maternal health outcomes: Examples include mortality; health- related … Intervention/ Comparison Outcomes/ Timing Setting Maternal intermediate outcomes: Examples include … Evidence should be sufficiently powered to include subpopulation analysis deficiency anemia during … ‡ Types of gaps may include: grade assignment (moving from an I statement to a letter grade), change

2. Final Research Plan: Anxiety Disorders in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/anxiety-adults-screening
   August 27, 2020 - Include Exclude Condition definitions Major depressive disorder (including depression with … Anxiety disorders addressed in this review will include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety … Trials may include: Unselected primary care population. … Sample must include an estimated 50% or more of participants with an included disorder but may also include … Reference conditions include major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety

3. Final Research Plan: Depression and Suicide Risk in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults
   September 03, 2020 - Include Exclude Condition definitions Major depressive disorder (including depression with … Anxiety disorders addressed in this review will include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety … Trials may include: Unselected primary care population. … Sample must include an estimated 50% or more of participants with an included disorder but may also include … Reference conditions include major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety

4. Final Research Plan: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
   June 30, 2022 - Key intervention components will include, for example: contact dose (number of sessions and duration … Include Exclude Condition definition Studies identifying children with higher BMI, using measures … Primary prevention in children who are normal weight Surgical interventions Studies that include … Acceptable measures include weight (kilograms or pounds), age- and sex-normative weight (BMI percentile … Other changes that were made based on public comments include: adding text to clarify that a BMI exceeding

5. Final Research Plan: Food Insecurity: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/food-insecurity-screening
   July 28, 2022 - . † Intermediate outcomes include behavioral, physiologic, decision making, patient participation, and … These groups include, but are not limited to, categorizations by age; racial, ethnic, and cultural identity … Heterogeneity around assessment and screening may include temporality of food insecurity, level of food … Heterogeneity around interventions may include setting of intervention (healthcare vs. community), type … Category Include Exclude Condition Food insecurity Water insecurity Other social

6. Final Research Plan: Enhanced Risk Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease: Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/cardiovascular-disease-enhanced-risk-assessment-non-traditional-risk-factors
   September 26, 2024 - These groups include racial and ethnic groups, socioeconomic and insurance status, or other social risk … We will also include a contextual question to explore limitations of existing cardiovascular disease … Adults without known cardiovascular disease Populations being screened for lung cancer Analyses will include … We have also expanded our inclusion criteria to include nonrandomized studies of interventions to evaluate … effectiveness of risk assessment with CAC score and of treatment guided by CAC score, as well as to include

7. Primary Care Interventions to Support Breastfeeding: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/HMTQY64cVavMZjxR3mCe5E
   January 01, 2020 - Interventions include promoting the benefits of breastfeeding, Figure 1. … Some interven- tions include the provision of supplies, such as educational materials, nursing bras, … Most successful interventions include multiple sessions and are delivered at more than 1 point in time … They are directed at mothers but may include other family members. … Interventions include promoting the benefits of breastfeeding, providing practical advice and direct

8. Final Research Plan: Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obstructive-sleep-apnea-in-adults-screening
   March 04, 2021 - have unrecognized symptoms of OSA KQs 4–6: Persons with a confirmed diagnosis of OSA; population may include … asymptomatic or symptomatic adults All KQs: A priori subgroups of interest include those defined by … STOP-BANG Questionnaire; externally validated risk stratification or clinical prediction tools that include … multiple factors (e.g., the Multivariable Apnea Prediction Index); may include findings from physical … not undergoing screening, diagnostic testing, or both KQ 2: Studies on accuracy of screening must include

9. Final Research Plan: Healthy Diet, Physical Activity, and/or Weight Loss to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/behavioral-counseling-interventions-promote-healthy-diet-physical-activity-weight-loss-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-adults
   November 02, 2023 - These groups include, but are not limited to, categorizations by age; racial, ethnic, and cultural identity … Include Exclude Populations Adults age >18 years, including studies among:   Adults who … Interventions may or may not include weight loss or weight management messages and goals. … Interventions include but are not limited to behavior modification, cognitive behavioral therapy, or … Analyses will include examination of effects by various intervention components such as behavioral focus

10. Final Research Plan: Breast Cancer: Medication to Reduce Risk | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/breast-cancer-medication-use-reduce-risk
    March 21, 2024 - This could include noting the effectiveness of risk-reducing medications for preventing triple negative … Additionally, the proposed Contextual Questions will include potential differences in the performance … Category Include Exclude Aim The use of medications to prevent primary breast cancer … Can include: Known carriers of pathogenic genetic variants that increase breast cancer risk Individuals

11. Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Clinical Summary of USPSTF Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/nKXBrHEeNwh37DFKTXapt8
    Other reported risk factors for cognitive impairment include cardiovascular risk factors (such as diabetes … Screening Tests Screening tests for cognitive impairment in the clinical setting generally include … Other instruments with more limited evidence include the Clock Draw Test, Mini-Cog, Memory Impairment … Food and Drug Administration include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. … Nonpharmacologic interventions include cognitive training, lifestyle behavioral interventions, exercise

12. Final Research Plan: Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/screening-for-prediabetes-and-type-2-diabetes
    November 15, 2018 - * Eligible interventions include … † Other intermediate outcomes include blood pressure, lipid levels, body mass index, weight, and … * Screening tests under consideration include hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, and the oral glucose … Category Include Exclude Populations All KQs: Studies of participants without obvious symptoms … of diabetes (e.g., for KQ 1, studies of unselected populations that may include some participants with

13. Final Research Plan: Healthy Diet and Physical Activity for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Adults Without Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/healthy-lifestyle-and-physical-activity-for-cvd-prevention-adults-without-known-risk-factors-behavioral-counseling
    June 04, 2020 - Framework *CVD risk factors include … *CVD risk factors include hypertension or elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia or elevated lipid levels … Include Exclude Study aim Primary prevention of CVD Secondary or tertiary prevention … specialists, dietitians, nutritionists, and behavioral health specialists Dietary counseling may include … access to guided physical activity or exercise classes allowed Sedentary behavior counseling may include

14. Reconsidering the Approach to Prevention Recommendations for Older Adults - Figure 1 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/reconsidering-approach-prevention-recommendations-older-adults-figure-1
    December 01, 2010 - * Risk factors include increasing age, baseline functional impairment and limitations, incontinence … Risk factors include increasing age, baseline functional impairment and limitations, incontinence, polypharmacy … The health outcomes include a reduction in falls and an improvement in functional limitations. … Other positive outcomes include a reduction in fear of falling and improvement in balance, gait, and

15. Archived: Breastfeeding: Primary Care Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/breastfeeding-primary-care-interventions-october-2016
    October 25, 2016 - Interventions include promoting the benefits of breastfeeding, providing practical advice and direct … Interventions include promoting the benefits of breastfeeding, providing practical advice and direct … They are directed at mothers but may include other family members. … System-level interventions include policies, programs, and staff training, usually implemented within … Community-based interventions include social marketing initiatives, workplace initiatives, and public

16. Final Research Plan: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/breast-cancer-screening
    May 06, 2021 - Category Include Exclude Population Adult females History of breast cancer or high-risk … or clinical examinations conducted for diagnosis or surveillance Screening strategies that do not include … imaging or clinical examinations conducted for diagnosis or surveillance Screening that does not include … revised the scope to require that effectiveness studies have data from at least two rounds of screening, include … certain types of nonrandomized studies for the assessment of effectiveness, and include interval cancers

17. Final Research Plan: BRCA-Related Cancer: Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/brca-related-cancer-risk-assessment-genetic-counseling-and-genetic-testing
    August 24, 2017 - f Risk-reducing interventions include early detection through intensive screening (earlier and more frequent … Women eligible for risk reduction may be referred for interventions, which may include increased early … (Benefits include improved accuracy of risk assessment and pretest probability for testing and improved … (Approaches include testing other high-risk family members, including men, before testing the index patient … (Adverse effects include immediate and long-term harms associated with screening, risk-reducing medications

18. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Research Gaps for Interventions for High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/d8DVjQhw6JgjWaBtED97s6
    Children and adolescents ages 2 to 18 years who have a higher BMI Trials should include … RCTs Children and adolescents ages 2 to 18 years who have a higher BMI Trials should include … trials Children and adolescents ages 2 to 18 years who have a higher BMI Trials should include … RCTs Children and adolescents ages 2 to 18 years who have a higher BMI Trials should include … ‡ Types of gaps may include: grade assignment (moving from an I statement to a letter grade), change

19. Screening for HIV: Clinical Summary of USPSTF Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/N4xvbc_aB44m95EL6TztxQ
    Other persons at high risk include those who have acquired or request testing for other sexually transmitted … Behavioral risk factors for HIV infection include: Having unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse … Food and Drug Administration–approved tests for detection and confirmation of HIV infection include combination … Effective interventions include antiretroviral therapy (ART) (specifically, the use of combined ART

20. Recommendation: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/bladder-cancer-in-adults-screening
    August 15, 2011 - Grade: I (Insufficient Evidence) Risk Assessment Risk factors for bladder cancer include … Current practice : screening tests used in primary practice include microscopic urinalysis for hematuria … The stages of bladder cancer include superficial (Ta or T1) and muscle-invasive tumors. … The USPSTF considered it reasonable to include these persons in the population under consideration for … Persons at increased risk for bladder cancer include those who smoke or have occupational exposure to