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1. Research Gaps for Screening Breast Cancer: Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/QTkyWhfQHqFUy4He2B6HU4
   is important to note that all studies should actively recruit enough women of all racial and ethnic groups … Prospective cohort studies with contemporaneous comparison groups who are well- matched on baseline … clinical and Adult females; racial and ethnic groups representative of U.S. population. … Preclinical studies; adult females; racial and ethnic groups representative of the U.S. … Adult females; racial and ethnic groups representative of the U.S. population.

2. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Research Gaps for Screening and Preventive Interventions for Oral Health in Children and Adolescents Aged 5 to 17 Years (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/xBhJwGtUHqmEvPg_gKk4nw
   January 01, 2001 - Studies should be well designed§ with low risk for bias using robust contemporaneous comparison groups … aged 5 to 17 years; studies should be representative of the US population¶ and inclusive of groups … aged 5 to 17 years; studies should be representative of the US population¶ and inclusive of groups … aged 5 to 17 years; studies should be representative of the US population¶ and inclusive of groups … aged 5 to 17 years; studies should be representative of the US population¶ and inclusive of groups

3. Draft Research Plan: BRCA-Related Cancer: Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/brca-related-cancer-risk-assessment-genetic-counseling-testing
   January 18, 2024 - 2 -related cancer in primary care practice settings vary across socioeconomic, racial, and ancestry groups … Are there differences in access to risk assessment in primary care settings among groups with lower educational … What is the prevalence of pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations in common ancestry groups in the United States … uncontrolled observational studies of harms KQs 4, 5: Observational studies with or without comparison groups … and highlight risk assessment, counseling, and screening approaches that demonstrate effectiveness in groups

4. Final Research Plan: BRCA-Related Cancer: Risk Assessment, Genetic Counseling, and Genetic Testing | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/brca-related-cancer-risk-assessment-genetic-counseling-testing
   April 11, 2024 - 2 -related cancer in primary care practice settings vary across socioeconomic, racial, and ancestry groups … Are there differences in access to risk assessment in primary care settings among groups with lower educational … What is the prevalence of pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations in common ancestry groups in the United States … degree to which the findings are broadly representative of the U.S. population, including individuals in groups … and highlight risk assessment, counseling, and screening approaches that demonstrate effectiveness in groups

5. Procedure Manual Appendix VI. Criteria for Assessing Internal Validity of Individual Studies | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-vi-criteria-assessing-internal-validity-individual-studies
   July 01, 2017 - RCTs and Cohort Studies Criteria: Initial assembly of comparable groups: For RCTs: adequate … for adjustment in the analysis; consideration of inception cohorts Maintenance of comparable groups … for RCTs Definition of ratings based on above criteria: Good: Meets all criteria: comparable groups … than or equal to 80%); reliable and valid measurement instruments are used and applied equally to all groups … Poor: Studies are graded "poor" if any of the following fatal flaws exists: groups assembled initially

6. Final Evidence Summary: Illicit Drug Use in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Primary Care-Based Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/other-supporting-document19727/drug-use-illicit-primary-care-interventions-for-children-and-adolescents
   September 03, 2020 - 2.4% to 33.7% in the intervention groups at 3 to 32 months’ follow-up. … The median absolute risk difference between groups was –2.8%, favoring the intervention group (range, … to 33.7% in the intervention groups. … Δ indicates difference between groups at follow-up; ΔΔ, difference between groups in change from baseline … Δ indicates difference between groups at follow-up; ΔΔ, difference between groups in change from baseline

7. Final Research Plan: High Body Mass Index in Children and Adolescents: Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/obesity-in-children-and-adolescents-screening
   June 30, 2022 - Does the risk of harm differ across racial and ethnic groups or contribute to health inequities? … efficacious intervention programs, and, to the extent possible, whether interventions tailored to specific groups … highlight interventions that demonstrate effectiveness in traditionally stigmatized or underrepresented groups … Pharmacologic interventions not approved by the FDA (e.g., metformin) Comparator Control groups … intervention (e.g., pamphlets or single annual session presenting information similar to what intervention groups

8. Fourteenth Annual Report to Congress on High-Priority Evidence Gaps Across the Lifespan, in All Communities | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/reports-congress/fourteenth-annual-report-congress-high-priority-evidence-gaps-across-lifespan-all-communities
   November 01, 2024 - commitment to improving health equity by highlighting research gaps in underserved populations and high-risk groups … These issues are especially important to study in underserved populations and high-risk groups.  40 Years … and 2021 that lower the age to start screening due in part to the increased incidence in younger age groups … Although chronic health conditions may affect anyone, some groups of people are at higher risk because

9. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary47/speech-and-language-delay-in-preschool-children-screening-2006
   February 15, 2006 - of interventions reported significantly improved speech and language outcomes compared with control groups … expressive language, receptive language, lexical acquisition, and syntax among children in all age groups … Maintenance of comparable groups (includes attrition, cross-overs, adherence, contamination). … 44-61 2 clinician-directed play groups with language impairments (treatment vs control … vs. control; no significant difference between groups for phonological output (percentage consonants

10. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/kHT3WGUaG2wTz2pF_ke7bn
    If risk is found to vary across population groups, it would be important to determine what the underlying … trials; controlled clinical trials Adult males; studies should include racial and ethnic groups … controlled clinical trials Postmenopausal females; studies should include racial and ethnic groups … development and validation should include populations Adult females and males; racial and ethnic groups … population for risk assessment tool validation Adult females and males; racial and ethnic groups

11. Recommendation: Weight Loss to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Behavioral Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/obesity-in-adults-interventions
    September 18, 2018 - However, Asian Americans have higher body fat at a given BMI than other racial/ethnic groups. … There were no significant differences in mortality between intervention and control groups (4 trials … and from 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) to −5.6 (−12.3 lb) among control groups. … Across all trials, both study groups (ie, placebo and pharmacotherapy groups) received the same behavioral … Serious adverse events were uncommon and similar between groups. 1 Adverse event rates were high in

12. Screening for Speech and Language Delay in Preschool Children: Systematic Evidence Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cmJ4Bm9BysHuBX2Wy8MQbc
    December 07, 2005 - interventions reported significantly improved speech and language outcomes compared with control groups … expressive language, receptive language, lexical acquisition, and syntax among children in all age groups … Randomizing children to therapy or control groups when clinical practice standards support therapy … none Improved receptive language in intervention group vs. control; no differences between groups … to different sets of words Improved scores on measures for 2 intervention groups vs. third group

13. Draft Research Plan: Breastfeeding: Primary Care Behavioral Counseling Interventions | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/breastfeeding-interventions
    March 10, 2022 - disparities in rates of breastfeeding initiation and continuation among certain racial, ethnic, and cultural groups … efficacious intervention programs and, to the extent possible, whether interventions tailored to specific groups … address health equity, we will search for and highlight interventions that demonstrate effectiveness in groups … historically have lower rates of breastfeeding and in traditionally stigmatized or underrepresented groups

14. JAMA JATS (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/UA7cEG8wH4xh8-fr7Lfw9q
    September 18, 2018 - compared with control groups. The magnitude of these benefits is moderate. … However, Asian Americans have higher body fat at a given BMI than other racial/ ethnic groups. … There were no significant differences in mortality between intervention and control groups (4 trials … and from 1.4 kg (3.1 lb) to −5.6 (−12.3 lb) among control groups. … Across all trials, both study groups (ie, placebo and pharmaco- therapy groups) received the same behavioral

15. Archived: Final Evidence Review: Genital Herpes: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-review55/genital-herpes-screening-2005
    March 15, 2005 - The patients were followed in all groups for 1 year. … Neonatal outcomes were similar between groups. … Poor/not randomized or blinded, groups not similar at baseline, and comparable groups not maintained … Poor/groups not similar at baseline, not blinded, maintenance of comparable groups not reported, loss … An arrow proceeds to the right from these 2 groups to KQ 2, "Can risk factors identify groups at higher

16. Evidence Gaps Research Taxonomy Table: Research Gaps for Screening for Speech and Language Delay and Disorders in Children (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/T6auAz-64DpreTqycmvSJr
    January 01, 2001 - • These studies should focus on enrolling children from groups with the greatest burden of speech … Studies should be well designed§ with low risk for bias using contemporaneous comparison groups … Studies should prioritize enrolling participants from low SES households and racial and ethnic groups … 5 years or younger.** Studies should be representative of the U.S. population and inclusive of groups … nonbiased selection of screening participants, addressing confounders (e.g., use of well-matched comparison groups

17. Screening for Genital Herpes Simplex: A Brief Update (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/ZzZp7_aoJn73k9z25w_-qr
    March 01, 2005 - Can risk factors identify groups at higher risk for HSV infection? … Can risk factors identify groups at higher risk for HSV infection? 3a. … The patients were followed in all groups for 1 year. … Poor/not randomized or blinded, groups not similar at baseline, and comparable groups not maintained … Poor/groups not similar at baseline, not blinded, maintenance of comparable groups not reported, loss

18. Archived: Addendum to Screening for Ovarian Cancer: Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement: Ovarian Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/addendum-to-screening-for-ovarian-cancer-evidence-update-for-the-us-preventive-services-task-force-reaffirmation-recommendation-statement/ovarian-cancer-screening-2012
    April 15, 2012 - Limitation of This Review Emerging Issues and Research Gaps Recommendations From Other Groups … Between 2001 and 2005, women were randomized to one of three groups: 1) annual screening with CA-125 … The two screened groups were compared using cancer diagnoses identified through June 13, 2008. … ; case numbers were relatively small in both groups. … as randomized (i.e., using all cancer in both groups).

19. Evidence for the Reaffirmation of the USPSTF Recommendaiton on Screening for High Blood Pressure (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/KSYrhQuAswGjTww_4sDFGZ
    December 01, 2007 - Groups did not differ in age, sex, ethnicity, employment, initial QOL, or baseline BP Dropout rates … – 24-h ambulatory SBP and DBP decreased in all groups; no significant differences among groups 74% … Headache was commonly reported in both groups. … (overall rate, 74% [range among groups, 68% to 81%]). … At 24 weeks, the groups did not statistically significantly differ in blood pressure control or scores

20. Archived: Evidence Summary: Blood Pressure in Adults (Hypertension): Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary15/blood-pressure-in-adults-hypertension-screening-2007
    October 15, 2007 - Headache was commonly reported in both groups. … Adverse effects were very common and did not statistically significantly differ among treatment groups … (overall rate, 74% [range among groups, 68% to 81%]). … At 24 weeks, the groups did not statistically significantly differ in blood pressure control or scores … However, there was a statistically significant difference among treatment groups on a summary measure