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1. Recommendation: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening
   September 05, 2017 - Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. … and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. … Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. … Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Studies. … the most common causes of amblyopia Anisometropia Asymmetric refractive error between the 2 eyes

2. Archived: Evidence Summary: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary5/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2011
   January 15, 2011 - motility and head posture, visual acuity worse than 10/25 or >1 line of difference between eyes and … and 1-mm difference between eyes, ≤2.5 mm in fellow eye and 2-mm difference between eyes or ≥3 mm in … fellow eye and 1-mm difference between eyes, or ≤3.5 mm in fellow eye and 2-mm difference between eyes … or ≥4-mm crescent in fellow eye and 1-mm difference between eyes Comprehensive eye examination with … amblyogenic factor; or worse than 20/50 (20/40) in 1 eye or ≥2-line difference between eyes (except 20

3. Draft Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-research-plan/vision-screening-children-ages-6-months-5-years
   April 24, 2025 - What are the current rates of completion of eye examinations and obtaining appropriate treatment for … How do rates of completion of eye examinations and obtaining appropriate treatment for amblyopia, its … refractive error (eyeglasses, corrective lenses, and low-dose atropine); penalization of the nonamblyogenic eye … (eye patch, atropine); vision therapy (eye exercises) KQs 1–3: Studies of screening tests not used … other psychological effects, false-positive results, and adverse effects on vision in the nonimpaired eye

4. Evidence Summary: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/impaired-visual-acuity-screening-older-adults
   May 24, 2022 - of a lutein-based supplement on objective and subjective measures of retinal and visual function in eyes … Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. … Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. … recognizing a face at 4 m and/or reading normal letters in a newspaper, and/or impaired vision with both eyes … using confrontation method Self-report questions: Did you notice any deterioration in one or both eyes

5. Archived: Evidence Summary: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2004
   May 13, 2004 - Definitions Amblyopia Functional amblyopia: difference of 2 or more Snellen lines between the 2 eyes … . 1 More than 1 line difference between the 2 eyes. 2 Reduced visual acuity that is not instantly … in acuity between the 2 eyes is 2 or more lines on the chart (0.2 logMAR). … Reduced visual acuity in 1 or both eyes due to abnormal binocular interaction. 4 Impairment of vision … primarily those cortical mechanisms involved in form and shape perception." 6 Reduced acuity in 1 or both eyes

6. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1–5 Years: Update for the USPSTF (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/r_MgZHrtyHRn7rZoCPS6MT
   February 01, 2011 - , or difference of visual acuity between eyes�2 log steps) Cross-sectional; 3 y; N� 404; amblyopia: … 1-mm difference between eyes,�2.5 mm in fellow eye and 2-mm difference between eyes or�3 mm in fellow … eye and 1-mm difference between eyes, or�3.5 mm in fellow eye and 2-mm difference between eyes or�4- … mm crescent in fellow eye and 1-mm difference between eyes Comprehensive eye examination with cycloplegic … amblyogenic factor; or worse than 20/50 (20/40) in 1 eye or�2-line difference between eyes (except 20

7. Final Research Plan: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-research-plan/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening
   December 17, 2015 - (eye patch, atropine); and vision therapy (eye exercises) KQs 1–3: Studies of screening tests not … Anisometropia: A difference in refractive power between the eyes in which one foveal image is more blurred … Isoametropia: An abnormal refractive condition occurring in both eyes. … Stereopsis: The perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes … Strabismus: Ocular misalignment in which each eye does not have the same image on the fovea.

8. Vision Screening in Children Aged 6Months to 5 Years: Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/wyAJqjxBX_dHMF3WdA7WNt
   September 05, 2017 - .1,2 It usually occurs in 1 eye but can occur in both. … one of the most common causes of amblyopia Anisometropia Asymmetric refractive error between the 2 eyes … Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. … Pediatric Eye Disease Study Groups. … and Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease studies.

9. Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
   www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/B73a4kJhxeaYyXK6gozbbY
   May 24, 2022 - recognizing a face at 4 m and/or reading normal letters in a newspaper, and/or impaired vision with both eyes … field using confrontation method Self-report questions: Did you notice any deterioration in one or both eyes … of a lutein-based supplement on objective and subjective measures of retinal and visual function in eyes … Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. … Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group.

10. Archived: Visual Impairment: Screening, 1996 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/visual-impairment-screening-1996
    January 01, 1996 - history of ocular malformations, anisometropia (a large difference in refractive power between the two eyes … Undetected eye disease in a primary care population. … Eye . 1990;4:787–793. [ PubMed ] 28. Peters HB. The Orinda study. … Preferred practice pattern: comprehensive pediatric eye evaluation. … Preferred practice pattern: comprehensive adult eye evaluation.

11. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Younger than Age 5 Years: An Update of the Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials, 1999–2003 (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/RkowkNFvCYh9hMnEBcCkGh
    May 01, 2004 - Amblyopia • Functional amblyopia: difference of 2 or more Snellen lines between the 2 eyes.1 • More … than 1 line difference between the 2 eyes.2 • Reduced visual acuity that is not instantly alleviated … between the 2 eyes is 2 or more lines on the chart (0.2 LogMAR). … • Reduced visual acuity in 1 or both eyes due to abnormal binocular interaction.4 • Impairment of … primarily those cortical mechanisms involved in form and shape perception.”6 • Reduced acuity in 1 or both eyes

12. Archived: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2011
    January 15, 2011 - strabismus (ocular misalignment), anisometropia (a large difference in refractive power between the 2 eyes … Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. … Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. … Eye examination in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. … misalignment; most common cause of amblyopia Anisometropia Asymmetric refractive error between the 2 eyes

13. Vision Screening for Children 1 to 5 Years of Age: USPSTF Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/AkQC-rTVEsusNWG_TmWWtd
    February 01, 2011 - strabismus (oc- ular misalignment), anisometropia (a large difference in refractive power between the 2 eyes … misalignment; most common cause of amblyopia Anisometropia Asymmetric refractive error between the 2 eyes … , which causes image suppression in the eye with the larger error. … Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. … Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.

14. JAMA (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/DQgVKNYn6gFtXLfwthuRBU
    June 12, 2020 - include changes in low- light vision, color vision, binocularity (ability to focus on an object with both eyes … This occurs as the eyes’ lenses begin to lose flexibility around age 45 years and affects most individuals … Eye Health Statistics. Published 2015. … Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. … Comprehensive adult eye and vision examination.

15. Recommendation: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/impaired-visual-acuity-screening-older-adults
    May 24, 2022 - include changes in lowlight vision, color vision, binocularity (ability to focus on an object with both eyes … This occurs as the eyes’ lenses begin to lose flexibility around age 45 years and affects most individuals … comprehensive eye examination. … Eye Health Statistics. Published 2015. Accessed April 4, 2022. 20. … Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group.

16. Archived: Visual Impairment in Children Ages 1-5: Screening, 2004 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/visual-impairment-in-children-ages-1-5-screening-2004
    January 14, 2004 - strabismus (ocular misalignment), anisometropia (a large difference in refractive power between the 2 eyes … In children older than age 3 years, stereopsis (the ability of both eyes to function together) can be … starting in the newborn period to 3 years: ocular history, vision assessment, external inspection of the eyes … Results of amblyopia therapy in eyes with unilateral structural abnormalities. … Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.

17. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary50/impaired-visual-acuity-in-older-adults-screening-2009
    July 15, 2009 - associated with postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 88.9% (CI, 88.1% to 89.8%) of all eyes … ( n = 17,390) and 95.2% (CI, 94.7% to 95.7%) of eyes without preoperative ocular comorbidity ( n = … [mp=title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption text] (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group).mp. … or/1-4 (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group).mp [mp=title, abstract, full text, keywords, caption … To determine whether argon laser photocoagulation is useful in preventing severe vision loss in eyes

18. Screening Older Adults for Impaired Visual Acuity: A Review of the Evidence for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/7eLc5kBtomL_HKpYDwsFPf
    July 01, 2009 - associated with postoperative visual acuity of 20/40 or better in 88.9% (CI, 88.1% to 89.8%) of all eyes … (n � 17 390) and 95.2% (CI, 94.7% to 95.7%) of eyes without preoperative ocular comorbidity (n � 10 … (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group).mp. … (Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group).mp. … To determine whether argon laser photo- coagulation is useful in preventing severe vision loss in eyes

19. Evidence Summary: Vision in Children Ages 6 Months to 5 Years: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/vision-in-children-ages-6-months-to-5-years-screening
    September 05, 2017 - estimates of amblyopia, strabismus, and anisometropia (a difference in refractive power between the eyes … Eye (Lond) . 2003;17(6):701-706. … conditions associated with amblyopia are anisometropia (a difference in refractive power between the eyes … Photoscreening devices use optical images (photographs) of the eye’s red reflex to identify risk factors in both eyes … Image acquisition takes a few seconds and captures images from both eyes at once, making photoscreeners

20. Screening for Visual Impairment in Children Younger than Age 5 Years - Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/thMRXgCVQmNUsYo6dmXEc3
    May 01, 2004 - strabismus (ocular misalignment), anisometropia (a large difference in refractive power between the 2 eyes … In children older than age 3 years, stereopsis (the ability of both eyes to function together) can be … starting in the newborn period to 3 years: ocular history, vision assessment, external inspection of the eyes … Results of amblyopia therapy in eyes with unilateral structural abnormalities. … Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.