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21. Archived: Evidence Summary: Statins for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-statins/statin-use-in-adults-preventive-medication-november-2016
    November 13, 2016 - Seven trials reported similar estimates for fatal myocardial infarction (RR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.50 to 0.99 … There were no clear differences in estimates between 3 trials 18 , 19 , 31 of statins vs placebo that … For composite cardiovascular outcomes, relative risk estimates were very similar for men and women in … Based on pooled estimates, the NNT to prevent 1 death from any cause was 250 after 1 to 6 years, and … Quality: 5 good-quality trials, 8 fair-quality trials, 1 poor-quality trial Estimates precise

22. Procedure Manual Appendix XII. Summary of Evidence Table for Evidence Reviews | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-appendix-xii-summary-evidence-table-evidence-reviews
    July 01, 2017 - possible by the body of evidence, this summary should display the quantitative findings (pooled point estimates … of effect (i.e., precisely suggest the magnitude of benefit or harm); when there is precision, point estimates … confidence intervals are narrow, without concerns about insufficient sample size, low event rates, or estimates

23. Screening for Osteoporosis: An Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/RPB3rmcS9CK_eXPdzXSxZg
    July 01, 2010 - Eleven studies of 11 instruments to predict fractures reported AUC estimates from 0.48 to 0.89 (31, … The AUC estimates for FRAX ranged from 0.54 to 0.78 for osteoporotic fractures (40, 46, 57) and 0.65 … For QUS, AUC estimates are approximately 0.60, and risk ratios range from 1.26 to 2.25. … are not statistically signifi­ cant when estimates are adjusted. … These estimates may be useful in selecting candidates for densitometry screening.

24. Archived: Evidence Summary: Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-radiation-induced-breast-cancer-and-breast-/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    January 11, 2016 - This approach provided estimates of breast cancer incidence and mortality with and without screening … to contextualize estimates of radiation-induced breast cancer cases. … Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer Incidence and Breast Cancer Death Risk estimates corresponding to … Radiation-induced breast cancer incidence was combined with breast cancer survival estimates from the … Radiation-induced breast cancer incidence was combined with breast cancer survival estimates from the

25. Genetic Risk Assessment and BRCA Mutation Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Susceptibility: Systematic Evidence Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/3HxQuXnyqHpUKNqjB7hWBw
    September 01, 2005 - For BRCA1, 1 model estimates a 0.12% preva- lence rate (7). … All estimates in the outcomes table are based on cases of cancer, not mortality. … *Based on estimates for mastectomy. †Based on estimates for oophorectomy. … However, SEs associ- ated with the point estimates are usually not available. … APPENDIX 3 Several estimates were used to develop the outcomes table.

26. Summary of USPSTF Final Recommendation: Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Caregiver Abuse of Older or Vulnerable Adults (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/FpTcERTdy8h4MHDwBL9hKo
    June 01, 2025 - following factors: • Potential preventable burden for caregiver abuse of older adults: Prevalence estimates … ) • Potential preventable burden for abuse of vulnerable adults: Based on estimates from a recent survey

27. Primary Care Screening and Treatment for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/abTWXPvJyAMcqN9KcEt-vt
    September 06, 2016 - Pooled estimates for sensitivity of the TST at both 5-mm and 10-mm induration thresholds were 0.79 (5 … Pooled estimates for specificity of the TST at the 10-mm and 15-mm thresholds and for IGRAs ranged from … no difference in estimates based on whether the US Food and Drug Administration or European threshold … For some tests, estimates for sensitivity were higher in coun- tries with low TB burden compared with … Deaths because of hepatotoxicity were rare across all studies, so estimates were im- precise.

28. Archived: Evidence Summary: Osteoporosis: Screening 2011 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary6/osteoporosis-screening-2011
    July 06, 2010 - Although some instruments had high AUC estimates in selected studies, none demonstrated high estimates … Eleven studies of 11 instruments to predict fractures reported AUC estimates from 0.48 to 0.89 31 , … FRAX estimates adjust for nationality and include femoral neck BMD if available and age, sex, height, … For QUS, AUC estimates are approximately 0.60, and risk ratios range from 1.26 to 2.25. … not statistically significant when estimates are adjusted.

29. Modeling Study: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-modeling-study/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication
    April 26, 2022 - Objective: To provide updated model-based estimates of the net balance in benefits and harms from routine … These estimates ranged from 0.4 (95% CI, −6.1 to 6.9) to 52.4 (95% CI, 43.9 to 60.9) life-years per 1000 … This decision analysis updated estimates of the net balance in benefits and harms of aspirin in primary … Replication in other simulation models can further inform reliability of estimates. … Estimates of benefits and harms of prophylactic use of aspirin in the general population.

30. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4y3P9DxovKMEjNmVd2mrPp
    December 01, 2007 - Using outcomes tables, the USPSTF estimates the magnitude of benefits and the magnitude of harms, and … Once the Task Force estimates the magnitude of ben- efits and harms, it faces the further challenge of … The outcomes table estimates the actual number of health outcomes (both benefits and harms) for hypothetical … This range is bound by the best- and worst-case scenario estimates based on available evi- dence. … Wherever possible, the Task Force attempts to provide estimates of the magnitude of net benefit according

31. Evidence Summary: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/osteoporosis-screening
    January 14, 2025 - Sources of heterogeneity in AUC estimates include age and population evaluated along with variation in … For these reasons, the estimates of benefits probably represent the lower bounds of screening efficacy … All estimates were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird estimator for pooling estimates. … ): range, 0.32 to 0.89    Women aged 50 to 64 y (3 estimates): range, 0.63 to 0.75    Men (10 estimates … ): sensitivity, 53% to 95%; specificity, 37% to 72%    Women aged 50 to 64 (3 estimates): sensitivity

32. Archived: Evidence Summary: Genital Herpes Infection: Serologic Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/genital-herpes-screening-november-2016
    December 20, 2016 - Pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity of the most commonly used test at the manufacturer's … At higher cutpoints, pooled estimates were 95% (95% CI, 91%-97%) and 89% (95% CI, 82%-93%), respectively … Pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity were 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%) and 81% (95% CI, 68%-90%) … Estimates for specificity were highly variable, ranging from 41% to 97.5%. … The pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity were 95% (95% CI, 91%-97%) and 89% (95% CI, 82%-93%

33. Evidence Summary: Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Adolescents and Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/hepatitis-b-virus-infection-screening
    December 15, 2020 - and evaluated clinical outcomes at 1 year or later, and cohort studies that reported adjusted risk estimates … n = 3875), 35-41 , 43 , 44 , 82 and histologic improvement (2 trials, n = 1211). 35 , 82 However, estimates … 5A ); all of the trials reporting mortality evaluated nonpegylated interferon. 23 , 25 , 31 Pooled estimates … However, across intermediate and clinical outcome comparisons, estimates of risk consistently favored … Results were generally consistent when analyses were stratified by individual drug, although some estimates

34. Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/inline-files/benefit.pdf
    December 01, 2007 - Using outcomes tables, the USPSTF estimates the magnitude of benefits and the magnitude of harms, and … Once the Task Force estimates the magnitude of ben- efits and harms, it faces the further challenge of … The outcomes table estimates the actual number of health outcomes (both benefits and harms) for hypothetical … This range is bound by the best- and worst-case scenario estimates based on available evi- dence. … Wherever possible, the Task Force attempts to provide estimates of the magnitude of net benefit according

35. Is Prostate Cancer Screening Right for You? (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByToken/HV9RGq3wLyh6PyK4oxVtde
    May 01, 2018 - Estimates are based on benefits observed in the ERSPC trial for men aged 55 to 69 years and harms derived … choose to monitor their cancer initially and later have surgery or radiation when it progresses. ** Estimates

36. Is Prostate Cancer Screening Right for You? (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFileByID/3795
    May 01, 2018 - Estimates are based on benefits observed in the ERSPC trial for men aged 55 to 69 years and harms derived … choose to monitor their cancer initially and later have surgery or radiation when it progresses. ** Estimates

37. Archived: Update on the Methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Estimating Certainty and Magnitude of Net Benefit: Carotid Artery Stenosis: Screening, December 2007 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/update-on-the-methods-of-the-us-preventive-services-task-force-estimating-certainty-and-magnitude-of-net-bene%EF%AC%81t/carotid-artery-stenosis-screening-december-2007
    December 15, 2007 - Using outcomes tables, the USPSTF estimates the magnitude of benefits and the magnitude of harms, and … Once the Task Force estimates the magnitude of benefits and harms, it faces the further challenge of … The outcomes table estimates the actual number of health outcomes (both benefits and harms) for hypothetical … This range is bound by the best- and worst-case scenario estimates based on available evidence. … Wherever possible, the Task Force attempts to provide estimates of the magnitude of net benefit according

38. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary9/breast-cancer-screening-2009
    November 15, 2009 - Estimates of overdiagnosis vary from 1% to 10%. … We calculated estimates from a random-effects model under the Bayesian data analytic framework by using … Eight studies report estimates of overdiagnosis using different methods. 16 Estimates are derived from … Estimates of the magnitude of overdiagnosis vary depending on the analytic approach used. … These estimates are difficult to apply because, for individual women, it is not known which types of

39. Archived: Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/aspirin-for-the-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication-2009
    March 15, 2009 - decision making is strongly encouraged with individuals whose risk is close to (either above or below) the estimates … The estimates in Figure 2 were developed assuming that the men are not currently taking nonsteroidal … The estimates in Figure 4 were developed assuming that women are not currently taking NSAIDs and are … Estimates of benefits and harms, especially at the borders of the boldfaced and non-boldfaced areas, … Estimates of benefits and harms, especially at the borders of the boldfaced and non-boldfaced areas,

40. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/R_cAa3AjFGQ2np_aQnzQGA
    February 11, 2025 - Sources of heterogeneity in AUC estimates include age and population evaluated along with variation in … All estimates were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird estimator for pooling estimates. … ): range, 0.32 to 0.89 Women aged 50 to 64 y (3 estimates): range, 0.63 to 0.75 Men (10 estimates): range … to 79%; specificity, 56% to 70% Men (7 estimates): sensitivity, 62% to 89%; specificity, 36% to 74% … ) Across various thresholds: Sensitivity range: 28% to 100% (24 estimates) Specificity range: 5% to