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61. Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Screening, Management, and Treatment | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/hypertension-pulmonary-arterial/research
    December 01, 2019 - Random-effects models were used to compute summary estimates of effect where several similar studies … provided estimates. … Echocardiography estimates of pulmonary artery pressures (sPAP, tricuspid gradient [TG], and tricuspid

62. S103 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s103.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - to covariates or potential outcomes, we can estimate the censoring distributions using Kaplan–Meier estimates … where the treatment-specific censoring distribution Ka(t) typ- ically is estimated using Kaplan–Meier estimates … stratify the sample into clearly defined subgroups before constructing the inverse probability-weighted estimates … formulas, researchers can use 2 methods to calculate standard errors of inverse proba- bility-weighted estimates … model, but further empirical work is needed to better understand the behavior of these standard error estimates

63. An analytical framework for quantifying components of variability in prescriber decisions (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/instrumental-variable-methods_research.pdf
    April 01, 2010 - In the first stage, one estimates the parameters in (2) by least squares. … In the second stage one estimates the parameters in (3) by least squares after replacing the confounded … Split-sample Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Return to Schooling. … IV approaches based on the Wald estimator or linear structural equation models yield estimates of an … ivreg and ivreg2 will yield equal point estimates and standard errors, but ivreg2 offers much more

64. Layout 1 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/breast-biopsy-executive.pdf
    December 01, 2009 - The strength of evidence supporting the quantitative estimates of the frequency of complications is low … The model is based on the point estimates of accuracy from our analyses and do not incorporate estimates … of uncertainty of the point estimates. … The ratings of low strength of evidence apply to the individual estimates of accuracy for each type of … characteristics. 3 Primarily ADH lesions. 4 Estimates based on other literature reviews.

65. S108 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s108.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - Results: Estimates of the population causal hazard ratio based on IPW were consistently unbiased across … However, Cox propor- tional hazards regression estimates population-level (mar- ginal) associations. … Parameter estimates generated by IPW are interpretable as population-level causal effects, linked to … These crude HR estimates exhibited bias that ranged from 0.45 to 0.47. … biased than all of the Cox proportional hazards regression estimates.

66. Bladder-Cancer-Muscle-Invasive Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/bladder-cancer-muscle-invasive_executive.pdf
    June 01, 2015 - Tumor Characteristics • No study evaluated how estimates of effectiveness of bladder-sparing therapy … Patient Characteristics • No study evaluated how estimates of effectiveness of bladder-sparing therapy … Patient Characteristics • No trial evaluated how estimates of harms associated with NAC or AC vary … Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: effectiveness Low Four trials found no clear differences in estimates of … Effectiveness Insufficient No trial evaluated how estimates of harms associated with NAC or AC vary

67. Enhancing Systematic Review Methods by Incorporating Unpublished Drug Trials | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/unpublished-drug-trials/white-paper
    January 01, 2025 - This can lead to inflated efficacy estimates and underestimated harms or burdens, as unpublished studies … Incorporating FDA reviews could enhance the accuracy of effect estimates in systematic reviews.

68. DEcIDE 32: The Incident User Design in Comparative Effectiveness Research (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/incident-user-design_research.pdf
    May 01, 2012 - But an incident user design also reduces the precision of comparative effectiveness estimates. … First, the confidence intervals for the estimates of comparative effectiveness may be so wide that they … The estimates of comparative effectiveness may be more valid (internally), but apply to fewer patients … Or can valid estimates of comparative effectiveness be obtained by comparison with non-users? … We lack evidence to know how much active control cohorts matter for estimates of comparative effectiveness

69. Methods Guide for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews - Expanded Guidance on Selected Quantitative Synthesis Topics (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/quantitative-synthesis-expanded-methods_methods.pdf
    March 01, 2013 - Note: Vertical lines indicate the estimates for the entire set of 10 studies. … Hence the methods tend to underestimate the error associated with parameter estimates, particularly … It is not unusual for estimates based on a handful of early studies to shift considerably over time … for all estimates. … combined study estimates based on the type of data and choice of effect measure.

70. S16 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s16.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - Effectiveness trials More representative estimates of benefits and harms in typical patients. … Systematic reviews and meta-analyses Pooled results may allow estimates of less frequent events and … Can identify more specific estimates of baseline risk to help target treatment. … Administrative database Estimates of major harms across large populations; detection of rare events; … Can we similarly apply harms estimates from WHS?

71. Final_multivariate_v22_CLEAN_03-11-2013 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-binary-outcomes-evaluation_research.pdf
    March 11, 2013 - Between-study variance estimates in univariate versus multivariate analyses (frequentist analyses) . … Difference in the point estimates with univariate and multivariate meta-analysis versus the number of … Between-study variance estimates in univariate versus multivariate analyses in Bayesian analyses ... … Generally, the point estimates and the lengths of the confidence intervals are comparable using the … (or standard errors of linear combinations of the summary estimates in general5,11).

72. Analgesics for Osteoarthritis: An Update of the 2006 Comparative Effectiveness Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/osteoarthritis-pain/research
    December 01, 2019 - criteria, which included the type and number of studies; risk of bias; consistency; and precision of estimates … Meta-analyses were not performed, though pooled estimates from previously published studies were reported

73. Testing the Predictive Validity of Strength of Evidence Grades | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/grades-predictive-values/abstract
    December 01, 2019 - We used z-scores to compare the effect estimates of the subsets (which we term the "gradeable effect" … The predictive validity of quality of evidence grades for the stability of effect estimates was low:

74. Breast-Abnormalities-Tests-Update Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/breast-abnormalities-tests-update_executive.pdf
    February 01, 2012 - For example, if a clinician estimates a woman’s risk of malignancy as greater than 50 percent, most … Therefore, we used the estimates of accuracy and various clinical scenarios to address the implicit … These estimates of accuracy were all judged to be supported by a low strength of evidence. … Improving the precision of the estimates of accuracy or upgrading the strength of evidence rating in … Information from more granular groupings of women will allow estimates of test accuracy to be more

75. Treatment of Dementia Among Community-Dwelling and Institutionalized Medicare Beneficiaries | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/dementia-databases-methods/research
    January 01, 2020 - Abstract Objectives: To establish nationally representative estimates of the use of agents to treat … The aim of this project was to provide nationally representative estimates of the prevalence of the use … The MCBS survey weights are used to project national estimates for each measure. … Data from claims provided slightly higher estimates of dementia cases than self/proxy reports in the … Alzheimer disease in the US population: Prevalence estimates using the 2000 census.

76. Hepatitis-C Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/hepatitis-c_executive.pdf
    November 01, 2012 - Relative risk estimates ranged from 1.01 to 1.33 in the four trials and may have varied in part due … Relative risk estimates ranged from 0.89 to 1.2. Moderate 11 Table A. … for SVR in men vs. women, and no clear difference in relative risk estimates for Black vs. non-Black … Three trials that restricted enrollment to patients with genotype 1 infection reported risk estimates … for risk of harms that were similar to the risk estimates based on all trials.

77. Dietary-Supplements Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/dietary-supplements_executive.pdf
    April 01, 2012 - Adults Taking Cardiovascular Drugs Executive Summary Background The American Heart Association estimates … Do the effect estimates of clinical cardiovascular outcomes vary by age, ethnicity, gender, or health … Do the effect estimates of harms outcomes vary by age, ethnicity, gender, or health status? b. … Do the effect estimates of pharmacokinetic outcomes vary by age, ethnicity, gender, or health status … • The study reported effect estimates that did not reflect a comparison of supplement plus drug(s

78. Comparative Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Therapies on Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes In End-Stage Renal Disease | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/renal-disease-therapies/abstract
    December 01, 2019 - We will also utilize models to allow for causal estimates of exposure in presence of time varying confounders … We will look for consistency and precision of the estimates across the studies as a means of validating

79. Statistical Design and Analytic Considerations for N-of-1 Trials (Chapter 4) | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/n-1-trials/research-2014-1
    August 01, 2019 - If the estimates are similar, carryover is not likely to be an issue. … In addition to improving estimates of a patient's ITE through borrowing strength from other studies, … and indirect estimates. … Such models make optimal use of all the treatment data, leading to more precision in effect estimates … for individual treatment effects, and also to provide estimates for average treatment effects in the

80. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 258_Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/diagnostic-error-executive-summary.pdf
    August 01, 2023 - estimates. … present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs); otherwise, we present plausible range (PR) bounds for key estimates … Preventable harm rate estimates derived from two studies conducted at academic centers (1 in Canada, … Studies of disease-specific error rates were sufficient for meta-analysis (n=6) or at least point estimates