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Showing results for "estimates".

41. Instrumental Variable Methods in Comparative Safety and Effectiveness Research | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/instrumental-variable-methods/research
    January 01, 2019 - In the first stage, one estimates the parameters in (2) by least squares. … In the second stage one estimates the parameters in (3) by least squares after replacing the confounded … Split-sample Instrumental Variables Estimates of the Return to Schooling. … IV approaches based on the Wald estimator or linear structural equation models yield estimates of an … ivreg and ivreg2 will yield equal point estimates and standard errors, but ivreg2 offers much more in

42. Tinnitus Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/tinnitus_executive.pdf
    August 01, 2013 - However, because of high risk of bias and imprecise effect estimates (i.e., only studies with group … However, because of high risk of bias and imprecise effect estimates, confidence is low that these … However, because of high risk of bias and imprecise effect estimates, confidence is low that these … However, because of high risk of bias and imprecise effect estimates, confidence is low that these … Effect- size estimates were inconsistent or imprecise, and risk of bias was moderate.

43. Mental Health and Occupational Stress in the Emergency Medical Services and 911 Workforces | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/ems-911-workforce-mental-health/research
    March 01, 2025 - health or occupational stress issues: Among telecommunicators during routine practice, prevalence estimates … Among EMS clinicians during routine practice, prevalence estimates were: suicidal ideation 33 percent … Among telecommunicators during routine practice, prevalence estimates were: any depression, 15.5 percent … Among EMS clinicians during routine practice, prevalence estimates were: suicidal ideation, 33 percent

44. Chapter 8: Meta-Analysis of Test Performance When There Is a “Gold Standard” | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-guidance-tests-metaanalysis/methods
    December 01, 2019 - Other times, when the sensitivity or specificity estimates vary widely or when the test threshold varies … Because of the above, the current thinking is that, in general, the study estimates of sensitivity and … Recommended Approaches Which Metrics to Meta-Analyze For each study, the estimates of sensitivity … Predictive values are dependent on prevalence estimates. … Estimates are based on a bivariate meta-regression using the time interval as a predictor.

45. Assessing Harms when Comparing Medical Interventions | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-guidance-harms/methods
    May 01, 2020 - Be cautious about drawing conclusions on harms when events are rare and estimates of risk are imprecise … Unpublished clinical trials tend to report lower estimates of treatment benefits than published trials … In more than one-half of the comparisons assessed, estimates of relative or absolute risk varied more … Empirical data are lacking on how use of different selection criteria affects estimates of harms. … Association between unreported outcomes and effect size estimates in Cochrane meta-analyses [letter].

46. Horizon Scanning_Rapid Cost Analyses of Selected Potential High-Impact Intervention Reports (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/horizon-scan_research-2015.pdf
    January 01, 2015 - on some interventions, we provided a range or high and low estimates. … If we exclude the cost estimates for these infrastructure interventions, the total estimate for the … Published estimates of 2013 expenditures on U.S. health care were about $3 trillion. … Our estimates indicate the market could be slightly higher than that. … by the National Cancer; therefore, only estimates of BCC incidence and prevalence are available.

47. 8 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-harms_methods.pdf
    November 01, 2008 - Be cautious about drawing conclusions on harms when events are rare and estimates of risk are imprecise … Unpublished clinical trials tend to report lower estimates of treatment benefits than published trials … In more than one-half of the comparisons assessed, estimates of relative or absolute risk varied more … Empirical data are lacking on how use of different selection criteria affects estimates of harms. … In drug trials, use of an independent external endpoint committee may provide less biased estimates

48. 8 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/methodsguide_chou_assessing_harms_when_comparing.pdf
    November 01, 2008 - Be cautious about drawing conclusions on harms when events are rare and estimates of risk are imprecise … Unpublished clinical trials tend to report lower estimates of treatment benefits than published trials … In more than one-half of the comparisons assessed, estimates of relative or absolute risk varied more … Empirical data are lacking on how use of different selection criteria affects estimates of harms. … In drug trials, use of an independent external endpoint committee may provide less biased estimates

49. Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Adults | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/hepatitis-c/research
    December 01, 2019 - There were no clear differences in estimates of relative effectiveness in patient subgroups defined by … therapy had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than patients with no SVR, with adjusted hazard ratio estimates … appears to be associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality compared with no SVR, although estimates

50. The Incident User Design in Comparative Effectiveness Research | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/incident-user-design/research
    August 01, 2019 - But an incident user design also reduces the precision of comparative effectiveness estimates. … First, the confidence intervals for the estimates of comparative effectiveness may be so wide that they … The estimates of comparative effectiveness may be more valid (internally), but apply to fewer patients … Or can valid estimates of comparative effectiveness be obtained by comparison with non-users? … We lack evidence to know how much active control cohorts matter for estimates of comparative effectiveness

51. Prognostic Tests (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-prognostic.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - Conduct meta-analyses of estimates of outcome probabilities. … The estimates of absolute risk in different groups are more relevant. … The precision of estimates may not be reported. … Meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates . … Step 5: Meta-analysis of Estimates of Outcome Probabilities (2 of 2) There are methods to combine estimates

52. Prognostic Tests (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-prognostic.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - Conduct meta-analyses of estimates of outcome probabilities. … The estimates of absolute risk in different groups are more relevant. … The precision of estimates may not be reported. … Meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates . … Step 5: Meta-analysis of Estimates of Outcome Probabilities (2 of 2) There are methods to combine estimates

53. Expanded Guidance on Selected Quantitative Synthesis Topics | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/quantitative-synthesis-expanded-methods/methods
    December 01, 2019 - Note: Vertical lines indicate the estimates for the entire set of 10 studies. … It is not unusual for estimates based on a handful of early studies to shift considerably over time as … all estimates. … In the results, a graphical summary of individual and combined study effect estimates will have to be … combined study estimates based on the type of data and choice of effect measure.

54. Minimal Modeling Approaches to Value of Information Analysis for Health Research (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-future-value-of-information_research.pdf
    June 01, 2011 - These VOI estimates can inform decisions about the design and priority of those studies. … Comparison of VOI Estimates Across Limited Modeling Studies ..................................21 Table … Comparison of VOI Estimates Across No Modeling Studies..........................................22 … These estimates can aid in the design and prioritization of those studies. … Janssen and Koffijberg (2009)10 focused on the construction of VOI estimates with independent estimates

55. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-metaanalysis_methods.pdf
    July 01, 2012 - Other times, when the sensitivity or specificity estimates vary widely or when the test threshold varies … Because of the above, the current thinking is that, in general, the study estimates of sensitivity and … Recommended Approaches Which Metrics to Meta-Analyze For each study, the estimates of sensitivity … Predictive values are dependent on prevalence estimates. … Estimates are based on a bivariate meta-regression using the time interval as a predictor.

56. Efficacy and Safety of Screening for Postpartum Depression | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/depression-postpartum-screening/research-protocol
    December 01, 2019 - Incidence estimates for the first 3 postpartum months were up to 6.5 percent for major depression alone … Incorporating additional data published subsequently should add greater precision to these estimates … We will present summary estimates, standard errors, and confidence intervals. … observational studies or a comparison of estimates of the association between a history of intimate … Specific benefits include estimates of treated depression, maternal and infant health care visits, and

57. Hypertension-Pulmonary-Arterial Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/hypertension-pulmonary-arterial_executive.pdf
    April 01, 2013 - Estimates are often inaccurate compared with RHC; up to 60 percent of echocardiography estimates were … We present summary estimates and confidence intervals in our data synthesis. … Taken in combination with the decision algorithm, and in patients with echocardiographic estimates … Most effect estimates were precise (mPAP, PVR, cardiac index, RAP, 6MWD), but estimates for PCWP were … Most effect estimates were precise (mPAP, PVR, cardiac index, RAP, 6MWD), but estimates for PCWP were

58. Evaluating Practices and Developing Tools for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy: Methods for the Joint Meta-Analysis of Multiple Tests | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/diagnostic-tests-accuracy/research
    November 01, 2017 - induced by threshold effects), and calculate asymptotically correct confidence intervals for summary estimates … and for differences between summary estimates. … Findings In the application, separate and joint meta-analyses yielded very similar estimates.

59. Version 2_Risk of Reinfection From SARS-CoV-2 -- An Update of an Antibody Response Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Implications for Immunity: A Living Rapid Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/version-2-risk-of-reinfection-from-SARSCoV2_0.pdf
    December 31, 2022 - We examined the relationship between these factors and protection estimates but lacked sufficient data … We subsequently found a high degree of concordance between our calculated risk estimates and the rates … We generated uncorrected estimates for comparison. … Protection estimates (1 – RR) can be interpreted as the proportion or percentage of infections that … Baseline Factors Age, Sex, and Race In the Denmark study, there was no difference in the estimates

60. Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/liver-cancer/research
    December 01, 2019 - effects of the reference standard used and study, patient, tumor, and technical characteristics on estimates … Moderate strength-of-evidence ratings were primarily limited to estimates of diagnostic accuracy for … Across imaging modalities, factors associated with lower estimates of sensitivity included use of explanted