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Showing results for "estimates".

21. Noninvasive Diagnostic Tests for Breast Abnormalities: Update of a 2006 Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/breast-abnormalities-tests-update/research
    December 01, 2019 - Bayes' theorem and the summary estimates of accuracy suggest that only women with a pre-MRI suspicion … Bayes' theorem and the summary estimates of accuracy suggest that only women with a pre-PET suspicion … Bayes' theorem and the summary estimates of accuracy suggest that only women with a pre-scintimammography … These estimates of accuracy were all judged to be supported by a Low strength of evidence. … Bayes' theorem and the summary estimates of accuracy suggest that only women with a pre-ultrasound suspicion

22. Evaluating Practices and Developing Tools for Comparative Effectiveness Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy: Methods for the Joint Meta-Analysis of Multiple Tests (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/diagnostic-tests-accuracy_research.pdf
    January 01, 2013 - and for differences between summary estimates. … Estimates from the former group are confounded by study setting, whereas estimates from the latter group … estimates for the false-positive rates. … Normal approximation, estimates of τ ',R Discrete likelihood, estimates of τ ',R Separate meta- analyses … approximation, estimates of τ ',R Discrete likelihood, estimates of τ ',R Separate meta- analyses

23. Protocol for Quantitative Assessment of Benefit and Harm analysis of Aspirin for primary prevention (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-balancing-harms-benefits_research.pdf
    February 01, 2014 - Effect Estimates of Aspirin on Benefit and Harm Outcomes We used the effect estimates from an updated … To estimate the risk of death we relied on 2007 estimates from the U.S. … we had more uncertainty around the NNT and NNH estimates. … The NNT approach estimates the NNT directly using equation 6 (see Table 8). … For the example of aspirin, the NNH estimates are so much lower than the NNT estimates that one may

24. Conducting Quantitative Synthesis When Comparing Medical Interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-guidance-quantitative-synthesis/methods
    December 01, 2019 - Both the direction and magnitude of effect estimates should be considered. … C would provide indirect estimates of A vs. B through the “common reference,” C. … the prior distributions are vague, Bayesian estimates are usually similar to estimates using the above … Estimates accounted for within-individual correlation are best for meta-analysis. … Robust estimates provide more confidence in the findings in the review.

25. Measures for Primary Healthcare Spending (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/primary-healthcare-spending-technical-brief-protocol.pdf
    January 01, 2023 - present information about estimation methods including: 1) who has used different methods; 2) how estimates … this Technical Brief; 2) an overview (map) of the evidence linking different primary care spending estimates … Range of spending estimates iv. Sensitivity analyses b. … We will be limited to the U.S. experience and estimates of spending for primary care will be the focus … populations, report on models or methods that have been used to generate estimates not just hypothetical

26. Measures for Primary Healthcare Spending | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/primary-healthcare-spending/protocol
    May 01, 2023 - and present information about estimation methods including: 1) who has used different methods; 2) how estimates … primary care spending, including how primary healthcare spending, which is the focus of international estimates … this Technical Brief; 2) an overview (map) of the evidence linking different primary care spending estimates … used to estimate primary care spending, and the attributes of those databases that might influence estimates … We will be limited to the U.S. experience and estimates of spending for primary care will be the focus

27. Choice-Of-Mean White-Paper (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/choice-of-mean_white-paper.pdf
    April 01, 2015 - An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates. … of mean difference, while the ANCOVA model provides the least biased estimates. … All of these estimates provide unbiased estimates of mean difference when the clinical trials are adequately … data to calculate the ANCOVA estimates. … , which may be partly because only a few ANCOVA estimates were reported.

28. Modeling to evaluate benefits and harms of new diagnostic tests compared to established diagnostic tests – uses and limitations (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/benefits-harms-modeling_research.pdf
    November 19, 2009 - of test performance across studies, choosing modeling outcomes, and obtaining summary estimates for … In simulation models, estimates of sensitivity and specificity are often “borrowed” across settings … Transferability or Nontransferability of Performance Estimates Across Studies Evaluating the Test in … One has to be very cautious in generalizing estimates of diagnostic performance across studies that … Designing studies to ensure that estimates of test accuracy are transferable.

29. Supplemental Project To Assess the Transparency of Reporting for Trials Evaluating Treatment for Infertility | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/transparency-infertility/research
    December 01, 2019 - Contents Background and Objectives Selective reporting can bias estimates … CT.gov for detecting selective reporting, and to determine the impact of selective reporting on the estimates

30. Chapter 12: Systematic Review of Prognostic Tests | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-guidance-tests-prognostic/methods
    December 01, 2019 - One option is to use a decision model to frame the review and to focus on providing the best estimates … Several issues need to be examined before trying to pool estimates from different studies. … However, a systematic review could provide estimates of outcome probabilities for decision models. 48 … A meta-analysis could provide more precise estimates of outcome probabilities. … and whether variation in the estimates is related to characteristics of the prognostic groups.

31. Conducting Quantitative Synthesis when Comparing Medical Interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-quantitative-synthesis_methods.pdf
    October 01, 2010 - Both the direction and magnitude of effect estimates should be considered. … C would provide indirect estimates of A vs. B through the ―common reference,‖ C. … When the prior distributions are vague, Bayesian estimates are usually similar to estimates using … Estimates accounted for within-individual correlation are best for meta-analysis. … Robust estimates provide more confidence in the findings in the review.

32. Conducting Quantitative Synthesis when Comparing Medical Interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/methodsguide_conductingquantitativesynthesis.pdf
    October 01, 2010 - Both the direction and magnitude of effect estimates should be considered. … C would provide indirect estimates of A vs. B through the ―common reference,‖ C. … When the prior distributions are vague, Bayesian estimates are usually similar to estimates using … Estimates accounted for within-individual correlation are best for meta-analysis. … Robust estimates provide more confidence in the findings in the review.

33. Decision-Analytic Modeling to Evaluate Benefits and Harms of Medical Tests – Uses and Limitations | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/benefits-harms-modeling/research
    November 01, 2017 - of test performance across studies, choosing modeling outcomes, and obtaining summary estimates for … Tranferability or Nontransferability of Test Performance Estimates Across Populations and Settings … Estimates of sensitivity and specificity are often considered independently of disease prevalence, 44 … Transferability or Nontransferability of Performance Estimates Across Studies Evaluating the Test in … Designing studies to ensure that estimates of test accuracy are transferable.

34. Executive summary_Evaluation of Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Requirements: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/dietary-protein-intake-executive-summary.pdf
    November 01, 2024 - two studies of higher methodological rigor examined protein or indispensable amino acid requirement estimates … development of a single standardized and validated method to assess protein and amino acid requirement estimates … for protein or amino acids, they used different designs and/or methods to calculate the requirement estimates … critically needs a single standardized and validated method to assess protein and amino acid requirement estimates

35. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews Chapter 12 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-prognostic_methods.pdf
    July 01, 2012 - One option is to use a decision model to frame the review and to focus on providing the best estimates … More relevant are the estimates of absolute risk in different groups defined by the prognostic test. … Several issues need to be examined before trying to pool estimates from different studies. … A meta-analysis could provide more precise estimates of outcome probabilities. … and whether variation in the estimates is related to characteristics of the prognostic groups.

36. Depression-Postpartum-Screening Executive (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/depression-postpartum-screening_executive.pdf
    May 01, 2013 - In general, sensitivity estimates increased as specificity decreased, and sensitivity estimates were … less precise than specificity estimates. … at varying thresholds; wide 95% CIs for point estimates at each threshold) Specificity 1 (506) … CIs for sensitivity estimates for all screening tests were wide, and for the most part sensitivity … and specificity estimates were qualitatively similar.

37. The Empirical Evidence of Bias in Trials Measuring Treatment Differences | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/treatment-effects-bias/research
    November 01, 2017 - comprehensively and systematically review and compare empirical evaluations of specific types of bias on effect estimates … Some studies concerned the effect of more than one type of bias on effect estimates. … When the bias was present, commonly the treatment effect was increased, but rarely were the estimates

38. Evaluation of Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Requirements: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/dietary-protein-intake/research
    November 01, 2024 - two studies of higher methodological rigor examined protein or indispensable amino acid requirement estimates … development of a single standardized and validated method to assess protein and amino acid requirement estimates … females were studied for all requirements except pregnant people (females only); valine requirement estimates

39. Executive Summary_Systematic Review: Association of Digestible Carbohydrate Intake With Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, and Body Composition (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/effect-dietary-digestible-executive-summary.pdf
    March 01, 2025 - Low SOE • Multiple large observational studies providing adjusted estimates. … Low SOE • Multiple large observational studies providing adjusted estimates. … Low SOE • Multiple large observational studies providing adjusted estimates. … Low SOE • Multiple large observational studies providing adjusted estimates. … Low SOE • Multiple large observational studies providing adjusted estimates.

40. S158 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s158.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - Conclusions: Estimates of drug effects can be adjusted for con- founders that are not available in the … Based on the similarity of these 2 estimates the authors conclude that the protective effect (of NSAIDs … If confounding by the additional covariates is detected in stage 2, however, the estimates from stages … Within the validation study, one estimates a linear measurement error model with the “true” or gold- … from this measurement error model to correct the naive regression estimates obtained from error-prone