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Showing results for "estimates".

1. Measuring Primary Healthcare Spending | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/primary-healthcare-spending/tech-brief
   November 01, 2024 - Ranges for recent estimates of overall primary care spending are:   Single estimates that do not specify … estimates. … have supported States’ estimates. … Estimates may use these same labels to mean different things. … State, regional, or national estimates are either reported as two estimates, one using a narrow and one

2. Executive Summary_Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 273_Treatment of Stages I-III Squamous Cell Anal Cancer: A Systematic Review (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/cer-273-anal-cancer-executive-summary.pdf
   August 01, 2024 - late harms 1; RCT; n=585 No significant difference, imprecise estimates. … Moderate DM (up to 5 yrs) 1; RCT; n=682 No significant difference, precise estimates. … Low PFS, CR 1; RCT; n=940 No significant difference, precise estimates. … Low Late harms 1; RCT; n=682 No significant difference, imprecise estimates. … Low Acute derm, GI, GU harms 1; RCT; n=144 No significant difference, imprecise estimates.

3. Change Score or Followup Score? An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/choice-of-mean/white-paper
   November 01, 2017 - An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates … An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates … of mean difference, while the ANCOVA model provides the least biased estimates. … Choice of mean difference estimates could impact meta-analysis conclusions. … An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Choice of Mean Difference Estimates.

4. S123 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s123.pdf
   October 01, 2007 - ORIGINAL ARTICLE Heterogeneity and the Interpretation of Treatment Effect Estimates From Risk Adjustment … Results: Risk adjustment models yielded average survival estimates similar to trial results. … and these estimates varied with the instrument specification. … Including both instruments in the specification yielded estimates between the estimates found with the … Understanding instrumental variables estimates of treatment effects.

5. Comparison of Effects as Evidence Evolves From Single Trials to High-Quality Bodies of Evidence | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/grades-predictive-values/white-paper-2015
   November 01, 2017 - interventions to assess empirically whether first trials rendered substantially different treatment effect estimates … To determine the concordance of effect estimates between first and subsequent trials, we applied both … Nevertheless, depending on the definition of concordance, effect estimates of first trials were concordant … In 80 percent of comparisons the difference in effect estimates was smaller than 0.5 SMDs. … In first trials with large treatment effects (>0.5 SMD), however, estimates of effect substantially changed

6. Research White Paper - Assessing the Predictive Validity of Strength of Evidence Grades: A Meta-Epidemiological Study (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/grades-predictive-values_white-paper.pdf
   September 01, 2015 - For each of the 160 documents, we determined whether estimates remained stable as subsequent studies … Thus, we used these estimates as “gold standards” to determine the predictive validity. … estimates of the gradeable documents with the high SOE estimates from the Cochrane reports (the gold … Conversely, substantially more low or insufficient SOE estimates than expected remained stable. … The circles in the columns reflect the point estimates.

7. Assessing the Predictive Validity of Strength of Evidence Grades: A Meta-Epidemiological Study | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/grades-predictive-values/white-paper
   January 01, 2019 - For each of the 160 documents, we determined whether estimates remained stable as subsequent studies … For each grade of SOE, we compared the observed proportion of stable estimates with the expected proportion … Results Overall, the predictive validity of the EPC approach to GRADE for the stability of effect estimates … Estimates graded as high SOE were less likely to remain stable than expected by producers and users of … By contrast, estimates graded as low or insufficient SOE were substantially more likely to remain stable

8. Grades-Predictive-Values White-Paper-2015 (pdf file)
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/grades-predictive-values_white-paper-2015.pdf
   January 01, 2015 - Modified Bland-Altman diagram comparing the point estimates of the first trials with the point estimates … Assessing Concordance in Effect Estimates To assess the concordance or discordance of effect estimates … between the point estimates of first trials and point estimates of the pooled subsequent trials was … 4 displays a modified Bland-Altman diagram comparing point estimates of first trials with point estimates … Modified Bland-Altman diagram comparing the point estimates of the first trials with the point estimates

9. Chapter 9: Options for Summarizing Medical Test Performance in the Absence of a “Gold Standard” | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
   effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-guidance-tests-performance/methods
   December 01, 2019 - of sensitivity and specificity from the standard formulas (naïve estimates) are always smaller than … Qualify the interpretation of naïve estimates of the index test’s performance. … of the bias of these naïve estimates. … Adjust or correct the naïve estimates of sensitivity and specificity. … the naïve estimates of sensitivity and specificity in the ROC space (see Figure 9–3).

10. S166 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/s166.pdf
    October 01, 2007 - Results: Estimates for comparisons tended to be clinically and statistically similar across methods. … Estimates obtained through indirect comparisons were not biased and were similar to those obtained through … than of direct estimates (assuming similar sample sizes). … Perhaps we need not have been so modest in our presentation of these earlier indirect estimates. … �ib � Normal�0,10000 Prior distribution for study level estimates.

11. Minimal Modeling Approaches to Value of Information Analysis for Health Research | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/methods-future-value-of-information/research
    December 01, 2019 - Structured Abstract Value of information (VOI) techniques can provide estimates of the expected benefits … These VOI estimates can inform decisions about the design and priority of those studies. … approach appears well suited because clinical trials with comprehensive outcomes provide preliminary estimates … conclude that minimal modeling approaches to VOI can be readily applied to in some instances to develop estimates

12. Quantitative Synthesis: Chapter 5. Network Meta-Analysis (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/ehc-presentation-quantitative-synthesis-chapter-5.pdf
    February 01, 2018 - Learning objective Network meta-analysis • Decision-makers want head-to-head estimates of different … for the same treatment comparison.3,4 ► In closed loops, direct and indirect estimates of treatment … • The simple indirect comparison approach is to qualitatively compare the point estimates and overlap … ► The approach involves presenting the 3 estimates for each comparison (direct, indirect, and network … estimates), then rating strength of evidence separately fore ach one. 13.

13. Methods Guide for Medical Test Reviews Chapter 9 (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/methods-guidance-tests-performance_methods.pdf
    July 01, 2012 - “imperfect” reference standard), the typical (“naïve”) estimates of sensitivity and specificity are … Qualify the interpretation of naïve estimates of the index test’s performance. … of the bias of these naïve estimates. … Adjust or correct the naïve estimates of sensitivity and specificity. … the naïve estimates of sensitivity and specificity in the ROC space (see Figure 9–3).

14. Blood-based Tests for Multiple Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/cell-free-dna/draft-report
    January 01, 2025 - Fifteen studies (N=91,514) reported 64 estimates of  test accuracy for 14 MCSTs (28 unique comparisons … The sensitivity for the detection of cancer at any stage ranged from 0.074 to 1.0 (23 estimates), specificity … ranged from 0.657 to 1.0 (23 estimates), and area under the curve (AUC) ranged from 0.51 to 1.0 (18 … estimates); the strength of evidence for accuracy was insufficient.

15. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/related_files/medical-test-reviews-options-summarizing.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - The black lines represent the naïve estimates of these two quantities. … Naïve estimates of index test Se and Sp are biased downward (underestimated). … Analysis Option 3: Calculate “Naïve” Estimates and Discuss Bias Option three calculates the estimates … Problem: Model mis-specification can result in biased estimates. … but with the understanding that these estimates are naïve.

16. PowerPoint Presentation (ppt file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/medical-test-reviews-options-summarizing.ppt
    June 01, 2012 - The black lines represent the naïve estimates of these two quantities. … Naïve estimates of index test Se and Sp are biased downward (underestimated). … Analysis Option 3: Calculate “Naïve” Estimates and Discuss Bias Option three calculates the estimates … Problem: Model mis-specification can result in biased estimates. … but with the understanding that these estimates are naïve.

17. How can patients who have chronic diseases better prepare for critical illness and the end of life? Will a decision aid, using individualized estimates of outcomes, help shared decision making about advance care planning? | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/get-involved/nominated-topics/how-can-patients-who-have-chronic-diseases-better-prepare-for-critical-illness-and-the-end-of-life-will-a-decision-aid-using-individualized-estimates-of-outcomes-help-shared-decision-making-about-advance-care-planning
    November 01, 2017 - Will a decision aid, using individualized estimates of outcomes, help shared decision making about advance … Will a decision aid, using individualized estimates of outcomes, help shared decision making about advance … Will a decision aid, using individualized estimates of outcomes, help shared decision making about advance … Will a decision aid, using individualized estimates of outcomes, help shared decision making about advance … how-can-patients-who-have-chronic-diseases-better-prepare-for-critical-illness-and-the-end-of-life-will-a-decision-aid-using-individualized-estimates-of-outcomes-help-shared-decision-making-about-advance-care-planning

18. Treatment of Stage I-III Squamous Cell Anal Cancer | Effective Health Care (EHC) Program
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/products/anal-cancer-treatment/research
    March 01, 2025 - harms 1 RCT; n=585 No significant difference, imprecise estimates. … Low   Late derm toxicity 2 RCTs; n=695 No significant difference, imprecise estimates. … Moderate    DM (up to 5 yrs) 1 RCT; n=682 No significant difference, precise estimates. … Low   PFS, CR 1 RCT; n=940 No significant difference, precise estimates. … Low   Late harms 1 RCT; n=682 No significant difference, imprecise estimates.

19. Han (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/han.pdf
    December 26, 2012 - models (CPMs) o “…provide the evidence-­‐based input for shared decision  making, by providing estimates … indeterminacy (randomness) • First-­‐order, aleatory  uncertainty   o Represented by probability estimates … graphs  illustrating the visual random  static and visual random  dynamic indeterminacy in risk estimates … Slide 21: Representing  indeterminacy in risk estimates: new approaches • Limited  evidence on … ”  decision making • Unknown outcomes, added value above communicating magnitude of probability estimates

20. Continuous-Outcomes-Quantitative-Synthesis Methods (pdf file)
    effectivehealthcare-admin.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/continuous-outcomes-quantitative-synthesis_methods.pdf
    March 01, 2011 - This section and the next focus on different estimates of mean difference and choice of estimates for … If ANCOVA estimates are not reported, conduct analyses using both estimates from options 1 and 2 and … Since ANCOVA estimates lie between the estimates from options 1 and 2, the more conservative combined … If the results from the two estimates do not agree, investigators may also present both combined estimates … Choice of estimates for mean difference under baseline imbalance The ANCOVA estimates are least