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41. Archived: Evidence Summary: Harms of Screening for Breast Cancer: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-harms-of-screening-for-breast-cancer/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    January 11, 2016 - Various methods were used to estimate overdiagnosis. … An estimate of overdiagnosis 15 years after the start of mammographic screening in Florence. … Estimate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer due to mammography after adjustment for lead time. … : observed vs. expected population cumulative incidence in 2005–2009 Participation estimate: 17.3% … Population estimate: 6.7% Participation estimate: 5.4% Population estimate: −0.7% NR

42. Recommendation: Genital Herpes Infection: Serologic Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/genital-herpes-serologic-screening
    February 14, 2023 - 6 In 10 studies (n = 6537) using a cut point of 1.1, the HerpeSelect test had a pooled sensitivity estimate … of 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%) and a pooled specificity estimate of 81% (95% CI, 68%-90%), compared with … Western blot. 6 In 4 studies (n = 1512), the Biokit test had a pooled sensitivity estimate of 84% (95% … CI, 73%-91%) and pooled specificity estimate of 95% (95% CI, 93%-97%), compared with Western blot. 6

43. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary4/colorectal-cancer-screening-2008
    October 15, 2008 - test and the  I 2  statistic. 34  Because of the stringency of our inclusion criteria for studies to estimate … A random-effects logistic model was used to evaluate statistical heterogeneity, estimate pooled rates … However, existing models can indirectly estimate potential adverse effects for lifetime attributable … Researchers have used CT colonography screening studies already discussed 49 , 53 , 54 to estimate the … We could not estimate complications by age because of limitations in study reporting.

44. Recommendation: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening
    January 14, 2014 - diagnostic tests for GDM before 24 weeks of gestation were limited. 1 Nine studies provided data to estimate … good-quality RCTs and 1 good-quality cohort study provided evidence on preeclampsia. 9-12 The pooled estimate … outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension. 1 Infant Outcomes The pooled estimate … There was no statistical heterogeneity across the studies. 1 A pooled estimate from 5 fair- and good-quality … The USPSTF was not able to estimate the magnitude of net benefit for screening for or treatment of GDM

45. Archived: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-screening-january-2014
    January 14, 2014 - diagnostic tests for GDM before 24 weeks of gestation were limited. 1 Nine studies provided data to estimate … good-quality RCTs and 1 good-quality cohort study provided evidence on preeclampsia. 9-12 The pooled estimate … outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hypertension. 1 Infant Outcomes The pooled estimate … There was no statistical heterogeneity across the studies. 1 A pooled estimate from 5 fair- and good-quality … The USPSTF was not able to estimate the magnitude of net benefit for screening for or treatment of GDM

46. 4Z Bygyyfkv5Uru6Fjx8Pb (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/4z_ByGyYfKV5uRU6fjx8pB
    March 01, 2014 - Nine studies provided data to estimate sensitivity and specificity of OGCT using a cut-point of 140 mg … Infant Outcomes The pooled estimate from 3 fair- and good-quality RCTs (n � 2044) showed a significant … A pooled estimate from 5 fair- and good-quality RCTs showed significantly lower incidence of macrosomia … Estimate of Magnitude of Net Benefit The USPSTF determined that screening for and treat- ment of GDM … The USPSTF was not able to estimate the magnitude of net benefit for screening for or treatment of GDM

47. Evidence Summary: Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/osteoporosis-screening
    January 14, 2025 - Two RCTs used 2-stage screening: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool estimate with bone mineral density (BMD … Do we need bone mineral density to estimate osteoporotic fracture risk? … The risk ratio estimate for MOF without SCOOP included is 0.93 (95% CI,  0.86-1.00); absolute effect: … ): AUC, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.60-0.82); sensitivity, 17%; specificity, 96%    Men (1 estimate): sensitivity … (1 estimate): AUC, 0.75 (95% CI, 0.65-0.86); sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 54%    Men (1 estimate):

48. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: A Targeted, Updated Systematic Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/UCajZVxQEKLCgs59HV7ddE
    November 01, 2008 - Because of the stringency of our inclusion criteria for studies to estimate rates of endoscopy harms … However, existing models can indirectly estimate potential adverse effects for lifetime attributable … Researchers have used CT colonography screening studies already discussed (49, 53, 54) to estimate the … We could not estimate complications by age because of limitations in study reporting. … Sensitivity for smaller polyps is harder to estimate because of inconsistent reporting but suggests about

49. Modeling Study: Colorectal Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-modeling-study18/colorectal-cancer-screening
    May 18, 2021 - colorectal cancer screening recommendations, 3 , 4 the USPSTF requested an updated modeling study to estimate … intended to inform population guidelines, perfect adherence to screening strategies was assumed to estimate … A strength of this study is that it used 3 distinct simulation models to estimate the LYG and colonoscopy

50. Archived: Evidence Summary: Breast and Ovarian Cancer: BRCA Genetic Testing, September 2005 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/breast-cancer--brca-testing-ovarian-cancer-screeni
    September 15, 2005 - Population-based estimate of the average age-specific cumulative risk of breast cancer for a defined … Interpreting epidemiological research: blinded comparison of methods used to estimate the prevalence … For some risk groups, there are no data from genetic testing studies with which to estimate P ( G | … In Monte Carlo simulation, random samples for the estimate of P ( D + | G ) are obtained as follows. … Usually, the point estimate and its 95% CI (RR L , RR U ) are reported.

51. Archived: Evidence Summary: Breast and Ovarian Cancer: BRCA Genetic Testing, September 2005 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/breast-and-ovarian-cancer-brca-testing-screening-2005
    September 15, 2005 - Population-based estimate of the average age-specific cumulative risk of breast cancer for a defined … Interpreting epidemiological research: blinded comparison of methods used to estimate the prevalence … For some risk groups, there are no data from genetic testing studies with which to estimate P ( G | … In Monte Carlo simulation, random samples for the estimate of P ( D + | G ) are obtained as follows. … Usually, the point estimate and its 95% CI (RR L , RR U ) are reported.

52. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/g_tdsCgkwBncHfpjSj-FNg
    July 31, 2020 - and bleeding, and extracolonic findings on CT colonography increase with age.9,10 Mod- eling studies estimate … colorectal cancer survival rates29 and increased all-cause mortality in Black adults vs White adults,30 estimate … b Mean estimate across the 3 Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network colorectal cancer … age to begin screening 6000 90003000 Additional tests if start screening at age 45 y by type Mean estimate … a Outcomes are expressed per 1000 40-year-olds who start screening at age 45 or at age 50. b Mean estimate

53. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/2Wc3FRHpVDPX2jT_WzjEXX
    July 31, 2020 - and bleeding, and extracolonic findings on CT colonography increase with age.9,10 Mod- eling studies estimate … b Mean estimate across the 3 Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network colorectal cancer … age to begin screening 6000 90003000 Additional tests if start screening at age 45 y by type Mean estimate … 10 14128 164 6 Lifetime No. of complications per 1000 screened, by age to begin screening 2 Mean estimate … a Outcomes are expressed per 1000 40-year-olds who start screening at age 45 or at age 50. b Mean estimate

54. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: A Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/-qaKjceN9BTy-oh7EFwXtk
    January 14, 2025 - Two RCTs used 2-stage screening: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool estimate with bone mineral density (BMD … The risk ratio estimate for MOF without SCOOP included is 0.93 (95% CI, 0.86-1.00); absolute effect: … ; specificity, 99% Mixed sex (1 estimate): AUC: 0.76 (95% CI, 0.71-0.81) MOF (various thresholds or … sex (1 estimate): AUC, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63-0.72) Hip (>3% risk threshold): Women ≥60 y (1 estimate): … Do we need bone mineral density to estimate osteoporotic fracture risk?

55. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: A Systematic Evidence Review for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/R_cAa3AjFGQ2np_aQnzQGA
    February 11, 2025 - Two RCTs used 2-stage screening: Fracture Risk Assessment Tool estimate with bone mineral density (BMD … The risk ratio estimate for MOF without SCOOP included is 0.93 (95% CI, 0.86-1.00); absolute effect: … ; specificity, 99% Mixed sex (1 estimate): AUC: 0.76 (95% CI, 0.71-0.81) MOF (various thresholds or … sex (1 estimate): AUC, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63-0.72) Hip (>3% risk threshold): Women ≥60 y (1 estimate): … Do we need bone mineral density to estimate osteoporotic fracture risk?

56. Task Force Issues Draft Recommendation Statement on Behavioral Counseling Interventions to Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/sites/default/files/file/supporting_documents/sti-screening-rec-statement-bulletin.pdf
    January 21, 2020 - The most recent data estimate that approximately 20 million new cases of STIs occur each year, and about

57. Modeling Study: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-modeling-study/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-preventive-medication
    April 26, 2022 - Design, Settings, and Participants: Microsimulation modeling was used to estimate long-term benefits … Description ModelHealth: CVD is a discrete-event, annual-cycle microsimulation model parameterized to estimate … For example, lifetime net QALYs and life-years were about half compared with the base case estimate for … low-dose aspirin with CVD mortality (odds ratio, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.86-1.05]); 9 , 10 however, the point estimate

58. Fbqmoapkebekmj7Aqmale5 (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/fbQmoAPKeBekmJ7aqmALe5
    June 01, 2014 - It is difficult to estimate the prevalence of MCI, and estimates range widely, from 3% to 42% in adults … The prevalence of MCI in older adults is difficult to estimate because of differences in the definition … It is difficult to estimate the prevalence of MCI, and estimates range widely, from 3% to 42% in adults … Estimate of Magnitude of Net Benefit The USPSTF found no evidence on the direct benefits and harms of … Overall, the USPSTF was un- able to estimate the balance of benefits and harms of screening for cognitive

59. Archived: Final Evidence Summary: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary9/breast-cancer-screening-2009
    November 15, 2009 - We used breast cancer mortality results from trials to estimate the pooled RR. … Results are not directly similar to the 2002 meta-analysis that provided a combined estimate for women … needed to invite to screening estimate of 1116 per 10,000 women. … needed to invite to screening estimate of 4115 per 10,000 women. … Estimate of overdiagnosis of breast cancer due to mammography after adjustment for lead time.

60. Evidence Summary: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/asymptomatic-bacteriuria-in-adults-screening
    September 24, 2019 - Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate benefits of the interventions. … heterogeneity among the pooled studies was evaluated with standard χ2 tests and the I 2 statistic to estimate … group (placebo or no treatment) than in the treated group in all but 1 study. 29 The pooled effect estimate … small sample sizes, none of the studies reported statistically significant effects, and the pooled estimate … were observed in the control groups than in the intervention groups in all but 1 study. 19 The pooled estimate