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21. Procedure Manual Section 6. Methods for Arriving at a Recommendation | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/about-uspstf/methods-and-processes/procedure-manual/procedure-manual-section-6-methods-arriving-recommendation
    July 06, 2017 - benefits in a population with a lower prevalence of disease than the study population in which the estimate … This approach does not require an exact estimate of the magnitude of harm, but rather a determination … may also be thought of as the width of the conceptual confidence interval given by the evidence to estimate … In this case, there is a better (although not precise) estimate of the magnitude of benefit, harm, and … Therefore, the Task Force attempts to estimate the likelihood that the benefits and harms reported in

22. Evidence Summary: Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-latent-tuberculosis/latent-tuberculosis-infection-screening
    September 06, 2016 - The pooled estimate for sensitivity of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold IGRA was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74–0.81; I 2 … The pooled estimate for specificity was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92–0.98; I 2 = 79.1% [5 studies; n = 1810]) … Pooled Estimate (95% CI) I 2 , % No. of Studies Participants, No. … b One study 78 could not be included in the DerSimonian-Laird pooled estimate owing to a point estimate … c One study 69 could not be included in the pooled estimate owing to a point estimate of 1.0 for sensitivity

23. Archived: Evidence Summary: Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-latent-tuberculosis/latent-tuberculosis-infection-screening-september-2016
    September 06, 2016 - The pooled estimate for sensitivity of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold IGRA was 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74–0.81; I 2 … The pooled estimate for specificity was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92–0.98; I 2 = 79.1% [5 studies; n = 1810]) … Pooled Estimate (95% CI) I 2 , % No. of Studies Participants, No. … b One study 78 could not be included in the DerSimonian-Laird pooled estimate owing to a point estimate … c One study 69 could not be included in the pooled estimate owing to a point estimate of 1.0 for sensitivity

24. Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse of Elderly and Vulnerable Adults: Clinical Summary of USPSTF Recommendation (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/y83rH_8hHRzgJ5cFJxZKos
    January 14, 2013 - The USPSTF was not able to estimate the magnitude of net benefit for screening all elderly or vulnerable

25. Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/6dqHx6xQGq9GUv92rZUf2q
    August 01, 2022 - - Estimate CVD risk using a CVD risk estimator.

26. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/bC4oNwsek4uY3SJZf4S7zm
    April 01, 2022 - • For adults aged 40 to 59 years: Estimate CVD risk using a CVD risk estimator.

27. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/rts4chTw2sVprMEF5xpMYS
    April 01, 2022 - • For adults aged 40 to 59 years: Estimate CVD risk using a CVD risk estimator.

28. Modeling Study: Lung Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/modeling-study/lung-cancer-screening
    March 09, 2021 - available evidence and predict long-term outcomes, 13-15 the USPSTF commissioned a simulation analysis to estimate … models developed within the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) were used to estimate … Assessment Tool model, 23 and the Bach model 24 ) that use smoking duration and intensity, sex, and age to estimate … Scenario Simulation and Analysis The CISNET simulation models were used to estimate the benefits and … models (Massachusetts General Hospital–Harvard Medical School and University of Michigan) were used to estimate

29. Overview of Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/vTHBrY6VuqjoouJvUmtkr4
    May 01, 2018 - CISNET models use historical SEER data prior to the advent of screening to estimate prostate cancer … The CISNET models estimate the treatment benefit for localized cancer using data from the Scandinavian … Modeling studies subsequently attempted to estimate how much of the observed increase in the incidence … The lowest estimate of the lifetime risk of overdiagnosis (overdiagnosis as a proportion of individuals … To quantify the “intensity” of screening, the modelers estimate what they term “mean restricted lead

30. Screening for Ovarian Cancer: Review (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/cTa7Hs56-yj4kCr7yXLdRm
    July 01, 1994 - Using the relative risks reported by Kerlikowske and colleagues (16), we can estimate that a family … $ Summary estimates were calculated as an average weighted estimate ; according to sample size. … The summary estimate of the sensi- tivity of ultrasound for detection of cancer is 85% and the specificity … § Summary estimates were calculated as an average weighted estimate according to sample size. … This model has also been used to estimate the cost per year of life saved by an annual screening program

31. Evaluation of the Benefits and Harms of Lung Cancer Screening With Low-Dose Computed Tomography: Modeling Study for the USPSTF (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/TVsn4SVh_jtaeqSTyrz-Gp
    March 09, 2021 - available evidence and predict long-term outcomes,13-15 the USPSTF commissioned a simulation analysis to estimate … models developed within the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) were used to estimate … Scenario Simulation and Analysis The CISNET simulation models were used to estimate the benefits and … models (Massachusetts General Hospital–Harvard Medical School and University of Michigan) were used to estimate … by Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screenings for the 1960 US Birth Cohort Screening scenarioa Mean estimate

32. Archived: Evidence Summary: Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Death: Breast Cancer: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary-radiation-induced-breast-cancer-and-breast-/breast-cancer-screening-january-2016
    January 11, 2016 - Objective:  To estimate distributions of radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality from … We used data from the BCSC, DMIST, and other sources in 2 simulation models to estimate radiation exposure … women or the specific types of work-up after an abnormal screening result; thus, it cannot be used to estimate … We could not estimate 95% CIs for deaths averted with screening because of the computational complexity … MISCAN-Fadia model were combined with the mean radiation dose from the radiation exposure model to estimate

33. Overview of Prostate Cancer Screening Decision Models: A Contextual Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Home/GetFile/1/16813/prostate-cancer-models-overview/pdf
    May 01, 2018 - CISNET models use historical SEER data prior to the advent of screening to estimate prostate cancer … The CISNET models estimate the treatment benefit for localized cancer using data from the Scandinavian … Modeling studies subsequently attempted to estimate how much of the observed increase in the incidence … The lowest estimate of the lifetime risk of overdiagnosis (overdiagnosis as a proportion of individuals … To quantify the “intensity” of screening, the modelers estimate what they term “mean restricted lead

34. Archived: Genital Herpes Infection: Serologic Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/genital-herpes-screening-november-2016
    December 20, 2016 - of neonatal HSV infection as 9.6 cases per 100,000 births (95% CI, 4.3 to 12.0). 16 The most recent estimate … serologic test for genital HSV-2 infection approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, has a pooled estimate … of sensitivity of 99% (95% CI, 97 to 100) and a pooled estimate of specificity of 83% (95% CI, 72 to … 91). 22 A second test, the Biokit HSV-2 Rapid Test (Biokit USA), has a pooled estimate of sensitivity … However, antiviral medications are generally considered to have few harms in nonpregnant adults. 21 Estimate

35. Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: A Summary of the Evidence (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/xUc_vXf7323faUQY7SePhT
    January 01, 2002 - Neither trial had sufficient power to precisely estimate major harms such as gastrointestinal bleeding … Sudlow25 recently performed a similar analysis using all 5 trials and reached a similar effect estimate … Risk for future CHD events can be predicted from coronary risk algorithms.30 Factors used to estimate … Augustovski et al32 used existing studies to estimate utility values as follows: nonfatal myocardial … They further estimated that the upper end of the 95% confidence interval for this point estimate occurred

36. Archived: Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: Preventive Medication, 2002 | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/evidence-summary/aspirin-use-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-colorectal-cancer-preventive-medication-2002
    January 15, 2002 - Neither trial had sufficient power to precisely estimate major harms such as gastrointestinal bleeding … This estimate is higher than that in Sudlow's meta-analysis, which included only primary prevention trials … Risk for future CHD events can be predicted from coronary risk algorithms. 29 Factors used to estimate … Augustovski et al. 31 used existing studies to estimate utility values as follows: nonfatal myocardial … They further estimated that the upper end of the 95 percent confidence interval for this point estimate

37. untitled (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/y_ApQN4Tw4RtnoWWrofH8d
    December 20, 2016 - sufficient to determine the effects of the preventive service on health outcomes, but confidence in the estimate … logic test for genital HSV-2 infection approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, has a pooled estimate … of sensitivity of 99% (95% CI, 97%-100%) and a pooled estimate of specificity of 83% (95% CI, 72%-91% … ).22 A second test, the biokit HSV-2 Rapid Test (Biokit USA), has a pooled estimate of sensitivity of … However, an- tiviral medications are generally considered to have few harms in nonpregnant adults.21 Estimate

38. Archived: Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Population-Based Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Evidence Synthesis: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Screening | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/cost-effectiveness-analyses-of-population-based-screening-for-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-evidence-synthesis/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-screening-february-2005
    February 15, 2005 - Is the best available evidence used to estimate effectiveness? Are long-term outcomes used? … Are the best available data used to estimate costs? … This latter estimate is similar to Lee, et al.' … In generating the latter result, Lee, et al. 7  maintained the baseline AAA prevalence estimate of 7 … representing a valid perspective clinically relevant to the topic h) Not using best evidence to estimate

39. Evidence Summary: Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: Preventive Medication | United States Preventive Services Taskforce
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/final-evidence-summary/low-dose-aspirin-use-for-the-prevention-of-morbidity-and-mortality-from-preeclampsia-preventive-medication
    September 28, 2021 - Sensitivity analyses were conducted to estimate pooled effects under more and less conservative statistical … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an … Size of each box (point estimate of each study) reflects the Weight column indicating the influence an

40. Summary of USPSTF Draft Recommendation: Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures (pdf file)
    www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/home/getfilebytoken/jBv_25NZUTTLW5CKcr7wSW
    July 08, 2024 - • Some risk assessment tools may not accurately estimate risk and can result in underestimation or